Arthrocentesis and bone marrow aspiration
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| what is arthrocentesis | the aspiration of fluid from a joint
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| symptomes of arthrocentesis are | fever of unknown origin, stiffness, limb lameness, leukocytosis, neutrophilia, malaise and anorexia
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| aspiration of the joint is contraindicated in | patients with skin issues, trauma with hemorrhage from movement
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| materials needed for arthrocentesis | sterile gloves, clippers, aseptic scrub, slides, syringes and needles
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| common sites for arthrocentesis are | distal joints, including carpus, tarsus and stifle
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| for aspiration of the carpus | hold the joint in flexion and use the medial radiocarpal joint to avoid cephalic vein
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| aspiration of the tarsus | the jock is held in partial flexion at 90 degrees with the metatarsals and the tibia. the joint in approached medial or laterally
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| the stifle joint is aspirated | in partially flexed during the procedure
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| normal synovial fluid contains | a mixture of small and large mononuclear cells
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| elevations ted to occur with | traumatized or degenerative joints, chronically inflamed joints and joints with osteochondrosis
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| Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils PMN's | generally account for less than 10% of the nucleated cell count.
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| more severly inflammed joints | will have a greater concentration of WBC's with a greater percentage of PMN's
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| Common sites for bone marrow aspiration are | iliac wing, femur and humerus
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| Bone marrow aspiration is performed to | evaluate the cells in the bone marrow
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| Indications of bone marrow aspiration | patients with nonresponsive anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia(w/o spesis), pancytopenia, leukemia, polycythemia and inappropriate RBC response, patients with lymphonma, multiple myeloma.
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| contraindications of bone marrow aspiration are as follows | clotting factor abnormalities, severe thrombocytopenia
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| Complications of bone marrow aspiration include | infection at the site of injection, damage to soft tissue structures, hematoma formation
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| Materials needed to perform a bone marrow aspiration are | aspiration needle, scaple, steril gloves, 12 to 20 syringe, sterile drape, lidocaine, slides and collection tubes
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| what factors determine the site used | age, size and conformation of the patient. Bone marrow of aged patients is less active in long bones than in flat bones
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| Iliac aspiration involves | the patient in sternal or lateral recumbency
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| bone marrow is usually more viscous than blood and contains | bony spicules, is a deeper red and contains fat globules
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| Humeral aspiration | best site because of less tissue, fat and muscle overlying the bone
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| what is the positioning of the aspiration of the humerus | the needle is placed perpendicular to the humeral shaft as the elbow is flexed. the shoulder is rotated externally
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| femoral aspiration is the same as | aspiration from the ilium
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| femoral aspiration is acheieved by | placing the patient is lateral recumbency, the needle is placed within the trochanteric fossa of the femur on the medial aspect of the greater trochanter of the proximal femur
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| fine needle aspiration is | a quick procedure performed to acquire a sample of fluid or tissue cells from an accessible mass in the dermis, viscera or lymph node
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| FNA aid in the differentiation of | inflammation and hyperplasia of the skin or other masses, neoplasia
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| Complications of FNA include | minor hemotoma, tissue damage, and infection
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