TMS, Neurogenisis, Parkinsons, Alzheimers, Addiction
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show | We can change our brain anatomy simply by using our imagination. He also pioneered the use of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to make neurons fire
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TMS | show 🗑
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How does TMS work? | show 🗑
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show | repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: can activate neurons so much that they excite each other and keep firing even after the original burst of rTMS has stopped
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Tortoise and Hare Effect | show 🗑
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show | when applying blocking TMS to the visual cortex of braille readers to create a virtual lesion, the subjects could not read braille or feel with the braille reading finger. The better someone could read braille, the more they use their visual cortex
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'Easy' Problems of Consciousness -- addressed by cognitive neuroscience | show 🗑
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show | -What is the basis for our individual thoughts and subjective experiences?
-What is the cause of our internal feelings?
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How do we explore nervous system processes that are uniquely human? | show 🗑
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TMS -- recording data | show 🗑
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show | 1.) TMS stimulation of motor cortex produces muscle twitches
2.) TMS stimulation of visual cortex (occipital lobe) produces phosphenes, that is, patterns of light (seeing stars)
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show | -We can use the known effect of TMS to the motor cortex and its effect of motor movement.
-Evaluate damage from Stroke, ALS, multiple sclerosis, and motor disorders
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Treating Disorders with rTMS (repetitive stimulation) | show 🗑
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show | -TMS causes synchronous activity of some groups of neurons
-Blink reflex and sometimes scalp twitching
-A 50-250 ms silencing period follows stimulation
-Those effects are similar to the start of an epileptic seizure
-Loud 'click' during each pulse
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show | approved for treating symptoms of major depressive disorder in patients that have not responded to anti-depressant medication
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TMS modulating Braille reading speed | show 🗑
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show | Negative Intent leading to a neutral outcome (failed attempt to harm)
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TMS and lying | show 🗑
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Stem Cells | show 🗑
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Two ways to increase the overrall number of neurons in the brain | show 🗑
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show | Physical exercise -- running on a wheel, doubled new-neurons in the hippocampus after 1 month, anticipatory proliferation
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show | LEARNING -- learning to use other toys, balls, and tubes
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Cognitive Reserve | show 🗑
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show | largely utilized TEMPORAL LOBES, more education, more utilization
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show | largely utilized FRONTAL lobes, more education, more utilization
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show | creates new neurons, the mind is based in the brain and the brain needs oxygen///strengthens heart and blood vessels that supply the brain///stimulates the production and release of the neuronal growth factor BDNF (crucial in plastic change)
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What is the fastest form of brain atrophy, why? | show 🗑
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show | Challenging mental activities increase the liklihood that our hippocampal neurons will survive.
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show | Critical brain region for spatial learning and memory
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Eric Kandel -- The key to plasticity | show 🗑
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Advantages of using Aplysia for experiments | show 🗑
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What have we learned from Aplysia | show 🗑
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show | More or less neurotransmitter RELEASE
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show | More or less neurotransmitter RECEPTORS IN SYNAPSE
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show | Long Term Potentiation of Synaptic Strength
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LTP: cellular basis of learning and memory | show 🗑
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show | the modulation of pre-existing proteins (changes in neurotransmitter release, localization of neurotransmitter receptors)
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show | fundamental changes in the synapse (more or less)
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What is Parkinson's Disease named after? | show 🗑
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show | Striatum, Globus Pallidus, Substantia Nigra, and subthalamic nucleus
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show | largest compent of the Basal Ganglia, comprised of CAUDATE and NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS
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Globus Pallidus | show 🗑
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show | important for reward, addiction and movement, contains dopamine producing cells
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subthalamic nucleus | show 🗑
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show | Degenerative central nervous system disorder resulting from the death of dopamine-producing cells in the substantia nigra. (no release from inhibition)
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Signs and Symptoms of Parkinson's Disease -- MOTOR | show 🗑
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show | Disturbances in executive function (planning, cognitive flexibility, abstract thinking, rule acquisition, inhibiting inappropriate actions), slowed cognitive speed, memory deficits, and increased risk (2-6x greater) of Dementia
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show | 1/100 people over 60, mostly men
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Risk Factors of Parkinson's Disease | show 🗑
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show | Caffeine, Nicotine
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What causes Parkinson's? | show 🗑
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show | RARE cases where a single mutation leads to PD -- Alpha synuclein -- a protein that is a major component of lewy bodies. Genetic mutation leads to an overproduction of Alpha synuclein
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show | RARE cases where exposure to particular environmental toxins lead to PD. Isolated groups who took recreational opiate use contaminated with MPTP lead to the rapid onset (1 week) of PD.
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Treatments for Parkinson's Disease | show 🗑
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Levodopa | show 🗑
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show | DBS -- used for patients with advanced PD whom drugs are no longer working for///stimulating electrode placed into areas that are DOWNSTREAM substantia nigra (globus pallidus and thalamus or subthalamic nucleus)
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show | RARELY used today, surgical ablation of brain tissue in the globus pallidus, thalamus/// if motor symptoms are on one side, surgical destruction of the globus pallidus on the opposite side can improve symptoms, however bilateral destruction irreversible
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show | "Gamma Knife" -- powerful, highly focused gamma radiation into specific area
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What is coming for Parkinson's Treatment? | show 🗑
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show | cells are injected into the substantia nigra in hope that they will incorporate themselves into the brain and replace dopamine-producing cells (stem cells, fetal animal cells, retinal cells)
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Gene Therapy | show 🗑
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show | produces antibodies that bind alpha synuclein and clear it from the brain
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Fundamental Components of the Aging Process | show 🗑
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show | Beta-Amyloid plaques - protein fragments that build up in the space between neurons///Tau-Tangles - tangles of a protein called Tau that builds up inside of cells
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show | Probably diagnosis ~90%---- spinal tap, PET or MRI scans, cognitive tests, patient history looking for differences in the HIPPOCAMPUS and TEMPORAL LOBE
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Ways to maintain cognitive function while aging | show 🗑
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What are 'Mental Exercises'? | show 🗑
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show | Polyphenols from antioxidant rich fruits and vegetables (plants with rich colors), DHA rich foods, Olive Oil, Mediterranean Diet (high fruits and veg. and monounsaturated fats, low red meat), Polynunsaturated fats (walnuts, fish), moderate wine/alcohol
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What is Addiction? | show 🗑
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DSM-IV Substance Abuse Criteria Definition | show 🗑
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DSM-IV Substance Abuse Criteria (4) | show 🗑
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show | A maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to clinically significant impairment by THREE(or more) in a 12 month period
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DSM-IV Substance Dependence Criteria | show 🗑
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Top Three Drug Dependences | show 🗑
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Risk Factors for Addiction | show 🗑
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show | Making the voluntary choice to do drugs
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show | to feel good, to feel better, to do better, curiosity
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Physiological Drug Tolerance | show 🗑
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Cellular Drug Tolerance | show 🗑
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show | The same dose of the drug produces a much stronger action, (more so than tolerance is the basis for addiction)
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The Drug Addiction Pathway | show 🗑
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show | All drugs that people abuse have the same property of activating neurons of the ventral tegmentum to release dopamine in the nucleus accumbens///DENDRITIC SPINES FROM REPEATED ABUSE
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Marijuana affects of blood flow to the brain | show 🗑
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