TMS, Neurogenisis, Parkinsons, Alzheimers, Addiction
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| show | We can change our brain anatomy simply by using our imagination. He also pioneered the use of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to make neurons fire
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| show | Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
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| How does TMS work? | show 🗑
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| rTMS | show 🗑
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| show | Slower, more permanent 'monday' results from the formation of BRAND NEW structures. Faster, 'friday' changes are caused by the strengthening of EXISTING neuronal connections and unmask buried pathways
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| show | when applying blocking TMS to the visual cortex of braille readers to create a virtual lesion, the subjects could not read braille or feel with the braille reading finger. The better someone could read braille, the more they use their visual cortex
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| show | -How do we perceive and react to sensory stimuli?
-How do we integrate information from many sources and use this information to control our behavior?
-How do we describe our mental states?
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| 'Hard' Problems of Consciousness | show 🗑
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| How do we explore nervous system processes that are uniquely human? | show 🗑
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| TMS -- recording data | show 🗑
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| show | 1.) TMS stimulation of motor cortex produces muscle twitches
2.) TMS stimulation of visual cortex (occipital lobe) produces phosphenes, that is, patterns of light (seeing stars)
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| Treating Disorders with TMS (single or dual pulse) | show 🗑
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| Treating Disorders with rTMS (repetitive stimulation) | show 🗑
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| Side Effects of TMS | show 🗑
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| show | approved for treating symptoms of major depressive disorder in patients that have not responded to anti-depressant medication
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| TMS modulating Braille reading speed | show 🗑
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| Study of Moral Judgement, which group lead to ratings of events as morally OK that most people would see as questionable? | show 🗑
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| show | When applied to the RIGHT dorsolateral prefrontal cortex the people lied MORE. When applied to the LEFT dorsolateral prefrontal cortex people lied LESS.
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| Stem Cells | show 🗑
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| Two ways to increase the overrall number of neurons in the brain | show 🗑
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| Mice Study -- Most effective contributor to the proliferation of NEW neurons | show 🗑
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| Mice Study -- What extended the life of EXISTING neurons | show 🗑
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| Cognitive Reserve | show 🗑
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| show | largely utilized TEMPORAL LOBES, more education, more utilization
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| Cognitive Reserve subjects 65+ | show 🗑
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| show | creates new neurons, the mind is based in the brain and the brain needs oxygen///strengthens heart and blood vessels that supply the brain///stimulates the production and release of the neuronal growth factor BDNF (crucial in plastic change)
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| What is the fastest form of brain atrophy, why? | show 🗑
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| show | Challenging mental activities increase the liklihood that our hippocampal neurons will survive.
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| Why is the Hippocampus Important? | show 🗑
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| show | The key to plasticity is changes at the SYNAPSE
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| show | -Total nervous system ~20,000 neurons
-Many neurons are large and easy to record
-Across animals, the same neuron is easily identified
-Limited behaviors
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| show | Habituation: becoming less responsive///Sensitization: becoming more responsive///Memory: short and long term changes in behavior
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| Presynaptic Plasticity | show 🗑
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| show | More or less neurotransmitter RECEPTORS IN SYNAPSE
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| show | Long Term Potentiation of Synaptic Strength
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| LTP: cellular basis of learning and memory | show 🗑
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| SHORT TERM changes in NEURONAL PLASTICITY require | show 🗑
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| show | fundamental changes in the synapse (more or less)
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| show | James Parkinson, an English doctor in 1817
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| Four components of the Basal Ganglia | show 🗑
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| show | largest compent of the Basal Ganglia, comprised of CAUDATE and NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS
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| show | involved in the regulation of voluntary movement
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| show | important for reward, addiction and movement, contains dopamine producing cells
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| show | function not well understood, may be in involved in action selection
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| What is Parkinson's Disease? | show 🗑
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| Signs and Symptoms of Parkinson's Disease -- MOTOR | show 🗑
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| show | Disturbances in executive function (planning, cognitive flexibility, abstract thinking, rule acquisition, inhibiting inappropriate actions), slowed cognitive speed, memory deficits, and increased risk (2-6x greater) of Dementia
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| show | 1/100 people over 60, mostly men
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| show | Age, head injury, and pesticide exposure
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| show | Caffeine, Nicotine
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| What causes Parkinson's? | show 🗑
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| Genetic Factors that affect Parkinson's | show 🗑
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| Environmental Factors that affect Parkinson's | show 🗑
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| show | Levodopa -- LDOPA, Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS), Ablative Brain Surgery, Focal Radiation (Gamma Knife)
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| Levodopa | show 🗑
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| show | DBS -- used for patients with advanced PD whom drugs are no longer working for///stimulating electrode placed into areas that are DOWNSTREAM substantia nigra (globus pallidus and thalamus or subthalamic nucleus)
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| show | RARELY used today, surgical ablation of brain tissue in the globus pallidus, thalamus/// if motor symptoms are on one side, surgical destruction of the globus pallidus on the opposite side can improve symptoms, however bilateral destruction irreversible
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| Focal Radiation | show 🗑
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| show | Neural Transplantation, Gene Therapy, Vaccine Against alpha-synuclein
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| show | cells are injected into the substantia nigra in hope that they will incorporate themselves into the brain and replace dopamine-producing cells (stem cells, fetal animal cells, retinal cells)
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| Gene Therapy | show 🗑
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| Vaccine against alpha synuclein | show 🗑
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| show | Damage from oxidative stress///diminished ability to detoxify free radicals///decline in mitochondrial function///accumulation of injurious proteins///diminished cell signaling///diminished lipids (fat) --- all these lead to decreased integrity/cell death
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| show | Beta-Amyloid plaques - protein fragments that build up in the space between neurons///Tau-Tangles - tangles of a protein called Tau that builds up inside of cells
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| Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease | show 🗑
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| show | Physical exercise (increases size of the hippocampus and improves memory), mental exercise, and nutrition
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| show | Activities that require you to use all your senses, break your routines, and engage in novel experiences///activities that involve planning (stimulate the frontal lobe), spatial skills (ballroom dancing/basketball), new language, painting
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| show | Polyphenols from antioxidant rich fruits and vegetables (plants with rich colors), DHA rich foods, Olive Oil, Mediterranean Diet (high fruits and veg. and monounsaturated fats, low red meat), Polynunsaturated fats (walnuts, fish), moderate wine/alcohol
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| show | A chronic relapsing brain disease, severely alters brain areas critical to decision making, learning and memory, and behavior control for long periods of time
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| show | A maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to significant impairment or distress as manifested by ONE(or more) criteria
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| DSM-IV Substance Abuse Criteria (4) | show 🗑
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| show | A maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to clinically significant impairment by THREE(or more) in a 12 month period
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| DSM-IV Substance Dependence Criteria | show 🗑
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| show | 1.) Marijuana - 4,165,000 2.) Pain Relivers - 1,768,000 3.) Cocaine - 821,000
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| show | Genetics, Gender, Adolescence, Mental Disorders, Route/Pattern of Drug Administration, Early life stress/abuse, community/social acceptance, personality traits
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| show | Making the voluntary choice to do drugs
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| Why do people take drugs? | show 🗑
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| Physiological Drug Tolerance | show 🗑
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| Cellular Drug Tolerance | show 🗑
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| show | The same dose of the drug produces a much stronger action, (more so than tolerance is the basis for addiction)
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| The Drug Addiction Pathway | show 🗑
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| Physiology of the Drug Addiction Pathway | show 🗑
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| show | Decreases blood flow to the Amygdala (attention to surroundings) and increases blood flow to the Hypothalamus (feeding and regulation)
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