endocrine reverse definitions
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| diabetes mellitus | a common pancreatic disorder involving insulin secretion into the blood, either in too much or too little quantities
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| dwarfism | a contition of being abnormally small; may be hereditary or an endocrine dysfunction
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| polyphagia | a contition of eating abnormally large amounts of food
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| cortisol | a glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex
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| glycosuria | abnormal amount of glucose in the urine
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| thyrotoxicosis | abnormal contition of poisoning of the thyroid
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| hypervolemia | abnormal increase in the volume of blood plasma in the body
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| gigantism | abnormal overgrowth of the entire body caused by hypersecretion of pituitary growth hormone before puberty
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| hypocalcemia | abnormally low amount of calcium in the blood
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| antagonistic | acting in opposition; mutually opposing
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| RAIU-radioactive iodine uptake | administration of radioactive iodine in pill or liquid form is used as a tracer to test how quickly the thyroid gland takes up iodine from the blood
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| epinephrine | adrenaline - produced in the adrenal medulla. Increases heart rate, fat metabolism for energy, and dilates the brochial tubes
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| sumpathomimetic | agent taht mimics the effects of the sympathetic nervous system
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| ketoacidosis | an acute stage of diabetes mellitus characterized by hypotension and eventually, coma
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| pancreas | an organ taht contains groups of cells called the islets of Langerhans which produce endocrine secretions, such as insulin and glucagon
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| serum glucose tests | blood tests to aid in teh diagnosis of insulin deficiency
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| morbid obesity | body mass index of 40 or greater, which is generally 100 or more pounds over ideal body weight
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| Addison disease | chronic disorder of the adrenal glands caused by a deficiency of cortical hormones
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| islets of Langerhans | clusters of cells in the pancreas which produce insulin and glucagon
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| hypercalcemia | condition in which the calcium level in teh glood is higher than normal
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| hyperkalemia | condition in which the potassium level in the blood is higher than normal
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| thyroid storm | crisis of uncontrolled hyperthyroidism caused by the release into the bloodstream of increased amount of thyroid hormone; also called thyroid crisis or thyrotocis crisis
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| insulin tolerance test | diagnostic test in which insulin injected into thevien to assess pituitary function, adrenal function, and to determine insulin sensitivity
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| Cushing syndrome | disorder caused by pyersecretion of the adrenal cortex, resulting in excessive production of steriods
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| thrassphenoidal hypophysectomy | endoscopic procedure to surgically remove a pituitary tumour through an incision in teh sphenoid sinus without disturbing brain tissue
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| obesity | excessive accumulation of fat taht exceeds teh body's skeletal and physical standards,usually an increase of 20 percent or more above ideal body weight
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| hyperinsulinsim | excessive amount of insulin in the blood- insulin shock
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| hyperglycemia | excessive amount of sugar in teh blood
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| hirsutism | excessive distribution of body hair, especially in women
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| hypersecretion | excessive secretion
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| parathyroidectomy | excision of one or more of the parathyroid glands, usually to control hyperparathyroidism
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| thymectomy | excision of the thymus gland
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| thyroidectomy | excision of the entire thyroid gland, a part of it or a single lobe
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| hypokalemia | extreme depletion of potassium in teh blood usually lost in diuresis
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| glucogenesis | formation of glucose from glycogen
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| parathyroid | four separate glands taht are located on teh posterior surface of the lobes of the thyroid gland
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| endocrine glands | glands taht secrete hormomes directly into the blood stream
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| glucagon | hormone produced by pancreatic alpha cells that stimulates the liver to change stored glycogen to glucose
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| insulin | hormone produced by pancreatic beta cells that allows body cells to use glucose for energy or store it in the liver as glycogen
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| mineralocorticoids | hormones in teh adrenal cortex that regulate water and mineral salts in the body
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| somatotropin | human growth hormone found in the anterior pituitary lobe
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| pituitary gland | hypophysis; pea-shaped gland that is located at the base of the brain.
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| thyroid scan | images of the thyroid gland are obtained after oral or intravenous administration of a small dose of radioactive iodine
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| CT (computer tomography) | imaging technique that rotates an x-ray emitter around teh area to be scanned and measures the intensity of transmitted rays from different angles
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| hypersecretion | inadequate secretion
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| growth hormone replacements | increase skeletal growth in children and growth hormone deficiencies in adults
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| diuresis | increaded formation and secretion of urine
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| adrenal medulla | inner section of the adrenal gland which secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
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| atrophy | lack of development
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| thyroid gland | largest gland on teh endocrine system located in the neck, just below the larynx
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| insulin | lower blood glucose by promoting its entrance into body cells and converting glucose to glycogen
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| hyponatremia | lower than normal level of sodium in the blood
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| virilism | masculinization or development of male secondary sex characteristics in a woman
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| exphthalmometry | measures the degree of forward displacement of the eyeball as seen in Graves disease
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| oral hypoglycemics | medications used to stimulate the pancreas to secrete insulin
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| partial thyroidectomy | method of choice for removing a fibrous, nodular thyroid
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| electrolyte | mineral salts that carry an electrical charge in solution
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| Graves disease | multisystem autoimmune disorder characterized by pronounced hyperthyroidism usually associated with enlarged thyroid gland and exophthlalmos
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| MRI - magnetic resonance imaging | noninvasive imaging tecnique that uses radio waves and strong magnetic field rather than an x-ray beam to produce multiplanar cross-sectional images
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| norepinephrine | noradrenalin; produced in teh adrenal medulla. increases blood pressure and constricts vessels
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| thyroxine (T4) | onoe of the two major hormones produced by the thyroid. Regulates metabolism and energy levels
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| triiodothyronine (T3) | one of the two major hormones produced, stored and released by the thyroid gland
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| adrenal cortex | outer section of the adrenal gland which secretes steroids
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| pineal gland | pine-cone shaped gland taht is attached to the posterior part of the third ventricle of the brain
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| metabolism | processes in which substances are broken down or built up during chemical reactions taht are necessary to maintain life
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| exophthalmos | protrusion of eyes due to swelling in tissues; often associated with Grave's disease
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| acromegaly | rare hormonal disorder in adulthood, usually caused by a GH-secreting pituitary tumour that promotes the soft tissue and bones of the face, hands and feet to grow larger than normal
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| antidiuretics | reduce or control excretion of urine
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| subtotal thyroidectomy | removal of most of the thyroid to relieve hyperthyroidism
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| thyroid supplements | replace or supplement thyroid hormones
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| costicosteriods | replacement hormones lost in adrenal insufficiency
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| (GTT) glucose tolerance test | screening test in which a dose of glucose is administrated and blood samples are taken afterward at regular intervals to determine how quickly glucose is cleared from the blood
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| pheochromocytoma | small chromaffin cell tumour, usually locted in the adrenal medulla, causing elevated heart rate and blood
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| aldosterone | steroid produced in the adrenal cortex. is essential to life. Maintains sodium and potassium levels
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| glucocordicoids | steroids in the adrenal cortex that influence the metabolism of fats, carbohydrates and proteins.
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| glycogen | substance in which carbohydrates are stored in the liver for future conversion into sugar
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| adrenalectomy | surgical excision of an adrenal gland
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| thyroidectomy | surgical excision of the thryroid gland
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| TFT thyroid fasting test | test that detects an increase of decrease in thyroid function
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| FBS | test that measures glucose levels in a blood sample following a fast of at least 8 hours
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| total calcium test | test that measures glucose levels in a blood sample following a fast of at least 8 hours
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| endrocrinology | the study of ductless glands, their secretions, and their function of homeosasis
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| thyrotoxic | thyroid poisoning
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| hypoglycemia | too little sugar in the blood
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| panhypopituitarism | total pituitary impairment that brings about a progressive and general loss of hormonal activity
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| antithyroids | treat hyperthyroidism by impeding the formation of T3 and T4 hormone
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| oral antidiabetics | treat type 2 diabetes mellitus by stimulating the pancreas to produce more insulin and decrease peripheral resistance to insulin
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| adenoma | tour of a gland
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| insulinoma | tumour of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas
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| adrenal glands | two bean-shaped glands situated on top of the kidneys which secrete steroid and sex hormones
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| thyroid echogram | ultrasound examination of the thyroid gland
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| hypogonadism | underdevelopment of internal secretions of male sex glands
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| antidiuretic hormone | vasepressin: promotes reabsorption of water in the kidneys
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