Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
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| How much of the total volume of body fluid is intracellular fluid | 2/3
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| 80% of the extracellular fluid is | interstitial fluid
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| This occurs when water loss is greater than water gain | dehydration
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| Which of the following is used to promote water reabsorption by the kidneys | antidiuretic hormone
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| Water intoxication results from | dilute body fluids and a decrease in the osmolarity of interstitial fluids
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| Which of the following is a specific function of electrolytes in the body | carry electrical currents
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| In extracellular fluid the most abundant cation is | Na+
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| In extracellular fluid is the most abundant anion is | Cl-
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| In intracellular fluid the most abundant cation is | K+
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| The Na+ level in blood is controlled by | aldosterone
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| This occurs between RBC and blood plasma as the blood level of carbon dioxide increases or decreases | chloride shift
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| This is the most abundant mineral in the body | Calcium
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| PTH, calcitriol and calcitonin are | the main regulators of calcium in the blood
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| Buffer systems, exhaling carbon dioxide and excretion by the kidneys are all | ways to eliminate H+
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| This is a condition where blood pH is below 7.35 | acidosis
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| Inadequate exhalation of carbon dioxide can cause | blood pH to decrease
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| This imbalance results when systemic arterial blood CO2 levels raise to abnormal values | respiratory acidosis
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| This is the most common cause of metabolic alkalosis | vomiting
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| This is the most common cause of transitory respiratory alkalosis | hyperventiliation
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| The rate of fluid intake and outtake is how much higher in an infant than in an adult | 7 times higher
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| The largest volume of body fluid is located | within cells
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| Bone, DNA, RNA, ATP, and cell membranes all have one thing in common | phosphate
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| Levels of which of the following are regulated by aldosterone | sodium
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| Electrolytes | dissociate into anions and cations
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| Reabsorption of sodium from the tubules of the nephron establishes an osmotic gradient that causes this to move back into the blood | water
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| The cerebrospinal fluid in the brain is classified as | extracellular fluid
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| Hyperventilation during a panic attack cause an increase in blood | partial pressure of CO2
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| The oxygen atoms that we breath in are used immediately in aerobic respiration to make ATP and | H2O
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| ADH and aldosterone are hormones that regulate fluid loss | True
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| The primary way to increase body water is to increase the formation of metabolic water | False
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| Most buffers consist of a mixture of weak acid that can donate H+ and the salt of that weak acid that can accept H+. Through this action pH change is resisted due to increases and decreases in H+ concentration | True
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| An increase in blood volume will stimulate thirst | False
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| Albumin is a protein "buffer" in blood plasma | True
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| Changes in osmolarity and osmosis are the primary cause of water movements between various fluid compartments in the body | True
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| List four hormones that regulate urine production in the kidneys | ADH, aldosterone, angiotensin II, atrial naturetic peptide
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| Can be caused by oxygen deficiency at high altitude, stroke, or severe anxiety | Respiratory alkalosis
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| Can be caused by excessive vomiting of gastric contents, gastric suctioning, use of certain diuretics, severe dehydration or excessive intake of alkaline drugs | Metabolic alkalosis
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| An abdominal increase in the volume of interstitial fluid | Edema
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| Can occur during renal failure or destruction of body cells that release phosphates into the blood | Hyperphosphatemia
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| Can be caused by excessive water intake, excessive vomiting, or aldosterone deficiency | Hyponatremia
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| Can be caused by emphysema, pulmonary edema, injury to the respiratory center of the medulla oblongata, airway destruction, or disorders of the muscles of breathing | Respiratory acidosis
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| Can occur from hypoparathyroidism | Hypocalcemia
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| Can be caused by decreases potassium intake or kidney disease; results in muscle fatigue, increased urine output, changes in electrocardiogram | Hypokalemia
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| Condition that can occur as water moves out of plasma into interstitial fluid and blood volume decreases | Hypovolemia
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| Can be caused by excessive sodium in the diet or with dehydration | Hypernatremia
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| Occurs when water loss is greater than water gain | Dehydration
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| The swelling of cells due to water moving from plasma into interstitial fluid and then into cells | Water intoxication
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