Global Studies Regents Review
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| absolutism (absolute rule, absolute monarchy) | *Divine Right
*Centralized power
*Louis XIV, Suleiman the Magnificent
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| apartheid | *segregation (separation) of races in South Africa
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| causes of World War I | Mania
*militarism, alliances, nationalism, imperialism, assassination of Archduke Ferdinand
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| Chinese Communist Revolution | *led by Mao Zedong
*supported by Chinese peasants
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| Cold War Events | *Cuban Missile Crisis
*Korean War
*Vietnam War
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| Commercial Revolution | *guilds, banking, capitalism
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| desertification | *deserts expanding due to overuse (over farming and overgrazing)
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| divine right | *belief that God wanted monarchs to rule
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| economic hardships (Great Depression) | *why fascists came to power in Europe between World War I and World War II
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| economist | *studies how goods and resources are used
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| effect of geography on Korea | *location: "cultural bridge" between China and Japan
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| Enlightenment | *based on the Scientific Revolution
*use of reason
*natural rights (life, liberty)
*John Locke
*consent of the governed (democracy)
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| feudalism | *Europe's political system after the fall of Rome
*land in exchange for military service
*decentralized
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| five-year plan | *Stalin's attempts to increase Soviet industrial and agriculture output
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| Four Modernizations | *Deng Xiaoping's attempt to build Chinese industry and agriculture
*more economic freedom (capitalism)
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| geographer | *studies how landforms, water, climate, and location affect people and regions
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| golden age | *advances in math, science, medicine, art
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| Great Leap Forward | *Mao Zedong's attempt to build Chinese industry and agriculture
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| Green Revolution | *increased agricultural production thanks to 20th century technology
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| human rights violations | *massacres and genocides
*examples include massacres in Armenia, Pol Pot's Khmer Rouge in Cambodia, Hutus and Tutis in Rwanda
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| Iranian Revolution | *led to Islamist theocracy (government by religious leaders)
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| Irish Potato Famine | *starvation due to crop failure
*led to many Irish migrating to other countires
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| Italian city-states | *location: Mediterranean trade
*wealth and cultural diffusion led to the Renaissance
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| Jomo Kenyatta | *African nationalist who led independence movement
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| Karl Marx and Communist Manifesto | *called for proletariat (workers) revolution to overthrow capitalists (owners)
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| Kemal Ataturk | *westernized, modernized, democratized Turkey
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| laissez-faire capitalism | *government should stay out of economies
*supply and demand should determine prices in a free market
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| Latin American independence leaders | *Jose de San Martin
*Simon Bolivar
*Toussaint L'Ovuveture
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| League of Nations | *lack of military allowed Axis aggression that led to World War II
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| limited monarchy | *Magna Carta
*Glorious Revolution
*English Bill of Rights
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| Machiavelli | *wrote The Prince
*ruler should build power however he can
*ends justifies the means
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| Marshall Plan and Truman Doctrine | *US aid to other countries to contain communism
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| Meiji Restoration | *Japan westernized, industrialized, and modernized
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| mercantilism | *economic system based on trade
*colonies were sources of raw resources
*colonies were markets for manufactured products
*countries wanted a favorable balance of trade
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| Middle Passage | *voyage from Africa to America with slaves
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| Mohandas Gandhi | *nationalist who led Indian independence movement
*civil disobedience
*non-violence
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| Napoleon and Hitler | *both defeated because of invasion of Russia by climate (winter)
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| nationalism | *unified Germany and Italy
*broke up Austria and Hungry and Ottoman Empire
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| NATO | *alliance against Soviet Union
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| Nelson Mandela | *led an anti-apartheid movement in South Africa
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| nuclear proliferation | *more countries are getting nuclear weapons (like Iran and North Korea)
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| oil (petroleum) | *Middle East has it
*OPEC controls it
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| Ottoman Empire | *conquered Byzantines: took Constantinople
*controlled Eastern Mediterranean trade
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| perestroika and glasnost | *Gorbachev's economic and political reform of the Soviet Union
*led to the break up of the Soviet Union
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| primary sources | *are from the events they are about
*diaries, letters...
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| Protestant Reformation | *Martins Luther's 95 Theses
*complained about the selling of Catholic indulgences
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| reason for Japanese imperialism | *Japan lacked (needed)natural resources
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| Renaissance and humanism | *rebirth of Greek and Roman ideas
*secular (worldly, not religious)
*focused on individuals
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| Roman Catholic Church | *centralizing force in Middle Ages Europe
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| Russian Revolution | *Lenin promised "Peace, Land and Bread"
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| Sepoy Mutiny and Boxer Rebellion | *attempt to remove foreign influence
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| Suez and Panama Canals | *ocean shortcuts
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| totalitarianism | *government control
*censorship
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| apartheid | *A political policy in South Africa where black South Africans could only live in certain areas, were required to use separate trains, beaches, restaurants, and schools, and could not enter into an interracial marriage
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| appeasement | *The policy of pacifying an aggressive nation in the hopes of avoiding further conflict.
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| communism | *A system of government in which a single, totalitarian, party holds power. It is characterized by state control of the economy, and restriction on personal freedoms. It was first proposed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in The Communist Manifesto
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| Communist Manifesto, The | *A book written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that describes the new political system of scientific socialism, which becomes the basis for communism. States that all of human history is based on the conflict between the bourgeoisie (those who own the
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| Communist Revolution | A political revolution in Russia beginning in 1917. The Bolsheviks, now known as Communists, overthrew Czar Nicholas II and created a socialist government based upon the writings of Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin. Also know as the Bolshevik Revolution
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| jihad | Effort in God’s service waged by Muslims in defense of the Islamic faith
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| polytheism | The belief in many gods or goddesses
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| Ataturk, Mustafa Kemal | (1881-1938) Nationalist leader of Turkey who is responsible for modernizing and westernizing his country after World War I. This enabled Turkey to resist imperialist attempts at takeover by various European powers
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| Ayatollah Khomeini | (1900?-1989) Islamic religious leader who led a fundamentalist revolution in Iran in 1979. Ruled until 1989
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| Castro, Fidel | (1926?- ) Leader of the Cuban Revolution and communist dictator of Cuba. He is responsible for making Cuba a socialist country which has often been at odds with the United States. Notably, the bay of Pigs invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis
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| Catherine the Great | An enlightened despot who ruled over Russia. She is responsible for many positive changes in Russia, as well as securing the country a warm water port
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| Cavour, Camillo | (1810-61) Prime Minister of Sardinia, a large Italian State. He formed alliances with other foreign powers to help end Austria's and Spain's control. Instrumental in the unification of Italy
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| Chamberlain, Neville | (1869-1940) Prime Minister of Great Britain from 1937 to 1940. He is responsible for the policy of appeasement with Adolf Hitler’s Nazi Germany
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| Elizabeth I | (1533-1603) Queen of England and Ireland between 1558 and 1603. She was an absolute monarch and is considered to be one of the most successful rulers of all time
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| Engels, Friedrich | (1820-1895) German socialist and co-author of The Communist Manifesto
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| Gorbachev, Mikhail | (1931- ), leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His policies of Perestroika and Glasnost, which aimed at revitalizing the Soviet Union contributed to the downfall of communism
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| Guevara, Che | (1928-1967) Latin American guerilla leader. In the mid 20th century Guevara was instrumental in helping Fidel Castro lead the Cuban Revolution. He was later killed in Bolivia while trying to lead a revolution there
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| Henry VIII | (1491-1547) King of England who transformed his country into a Protestant nation during the Reformation
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| Herzl, Theodor | (1860-1904) Leader of Zionist movement to establish a Jewish homeland in Palestine
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| Kaiser Wilhelm | (1859-1941) King of Prussia and Emperor of Germany whose political policies led his country into World War I. He was forced from power when Germany lost the war
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| Kenyatta, Jomo | (1894?-1978) Independence leader who help lead Kenya out of European imperialism after World War II
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| Khrushchev, Nikita | (1894-1971) Leader of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964. Khrushchev was critical of Stalin’s policies and attempted to reverse some of them. He is responsible for placing nuclear missiles in Cuba which resulted in the Cuban Missile Crisis
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| King Leopold | (1835-1909) King of Belgium who began imperialistic trade inside of Africa which resulted in the Scramble for Africa
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| Kipling, Rudyard | (1865-1936) British writer and poet. His poem The White Man’s Burden became a popular justification for European imperialism
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| Locke, John | (1632-1704) English philosopher and political theorist. He wrote Two Treaties on Government which explained that all men have Natural Rights, which are Life, Liberty, and Property, and that the purpose of government was to protect these rights
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| Louis XIV | (1638-1715) Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles
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| Louis XVI | (1754-1793) King of France between 1774 and 1792. He was overthrown during the French Revolution and later beheaded
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| L'Ouverture, Toussain | (1743?-1803) Revolutionary leader who is responsible for ousting France from Haiti during the Latin American Revolutions in the early 19th century
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| Quran | Islamic holy book
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| Akbar the Great | (1542-1605) Emperor of the Mughal Empire in India. He is considered to be their greatest ruler. He is responsible for the expansion of his empire, the stability his administration gave to it, and the increasing of trade and cultural diffusion
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