Pharmaceutical Characteristics & Delivery
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| What is the normal pH of tear film? | 7.4
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| Define Osmolarity. | Concentration of solids (solutes) in a liquid. If there is evaporation of the liquid, the osmolarity will increase because of an increase in ratio of solids to liquids.
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| Define Tonicity. | Measurement of the osmotic pressure. Normal is 0.9. Above this is hypertonic, but for clinical purposes, above 1.8.
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| What bacteria is a well known contaminant of eye gtts? | Pseudomonas
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| What organism is a well known contaminant of homemade SCL solution? | Acanthamoeba- a protozoan
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| Define Bacteriocidal. | Kills cells or inhibits their reproduction. (BAK)
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| Name several causes for drugs to depredate? | Sunlight, heat, oxidation
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| Which common eye drop preservative causes frequent corneal toxicity especially with overuse? | BAK- benzalkonium chloride
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| Name two "disappearing" preservatives. | Purite, Sodium perborate
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| How does increased viscosity help? | Makes a product thicker, prolongs contact time of the drug.
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| What are the two vehicles used in eye ointments? | Lanolin and petrolatum
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| What is the difference between a suspension and a solution? | A solution- the active drug is DISSOLVED in a liquid medium. Shaking not needed. A Suspension- the drug is finely divided and suspended (not dissolved) in the liquid. Requires shaking (25-30X)
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| What are the downsides of eye drops? | Imprecise delivery, short contact time.
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| How many times do you need to shake a solution? A suspension? | Solution- none. Suspension- 25-30X
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| What parts of the eye does fluorescein stain? | Only stains corneal defects
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| What parts of the eye does rose bengal stain? | Stains both corneal and conjunctival defects.
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| What parts of the eye does lissamine green stain? | Stains both corneal and conjunctival defects.
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| What is required for a generic drug? | Only that the bioequivalency is the same as brand drugs.
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| What is not required for a generic drug and what are some differences? | Actually measuring this bioequivelancy... using different buffers, preservatives, etc, bottles and tops may be different.
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| Red top (cap color) eye drops indicate what? | Cycloplegics or mydriatics
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| Green top eye drop indicate what? | Miotics
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| Yellow or blue top eye drops indicate what? | Beta Blocker, glaucoma drops
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| Approximately what percentage of patients have poor compliance? | 30-50%
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| What is anaphylaxis? | A severe, potentially life threatening whole body allergic reaction to an antigen which has PREVIOUSLY sensitized the body. Can be drugs, insect bites, food allergies, etc.
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| What are the symptoms of anaphylaxis? | Onset within first 20 minutes. Difficulty breathing and swallowing due to tissue swelling, rapid, weak pulse, lower blood pressure, deep burning pain, slurred speech, anxiety, confusion, hives, itching.
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| What kind of history would make you concerned that a patient may be prone to anaphylaxis? | History of hives, allergy, hay fever
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| How do you treat a patient who feel faint? | Lie them down, feet elevated, head down
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| What is an idiosyncratic reaction? | A severe allergic reaction, which occurs rarely and unpredictably with no history as in anaphylaxis.
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| **What would an Rx look like for Mr. Barack Obama? Give him 30 of the 5 mgm Valium tablets to take by mouth as needed for anxiety, plus one at bedtime. 3 refills. No generics. | **Do this on paper
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| NO STUDYSTACK ANSWER. Just a reminder. *Make sure you are familiar with the instructions and techniques for instilling eye gtts or ointment | *Reminder
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| What is the advantage of an emulsion? | They require no shaking and give UNIFORM dosage with each drop.
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| Can you name several other techniques or devices that prolong drug contact time? | Punctal occlusion (by hand or with punctal plugs), punctal release (Lacrisert), cotton pledgets or Weck-cel's in the cul-de-sac, collagen shilds or SCL (soaked in medications)
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| Define Bacteriostatic. | Inhibits the GROWTH of the cells. (EDTA)
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