reveiw notes
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
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on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| osha? | occupational saftey and health administrations
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| what vaccination does OSHA require all health care personnel get? | OSHA requires that all health care personnel exposed to blood and other bodily fluids must recieve a vaccination agaisnt Hepatitis B.
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| Pulmonary Edema | fluid in the lungs.
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| How much blood can a person donate in a session. | 500ML
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| Patients have the right to what? | under the Patients Bill of Rights they always have the option to decline medical treatment and to know what tests are being performed on them.
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| what can you NOT give a patient? | Results and a diagnoses. Because you are not medically qualified to do so.
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| Negligence is? | failure to give appropriate care. DONT BE NEGLIGENT!
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| PPe stands for | Personal Protective Equipment.
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| One of the most important practices is? | Hand washing is one of the most important (and easiest) practices used to prevent transmission of blood borne pathogens.
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| Needles should never be | Recapped.
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| Sharps containers must be what? | Puncture-resistant, leak proof on the sides and bottom and must be labeled or color-coded.
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| IN infection control, WHO is the agent? | Person
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| In infection control, WHAT is the portal of exit? | Needle.
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| in infection control WHAT can we control? | Mode of Transmission OR exit of infection.
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| In infection control WHAT is a portal of entry? | Mucus membrane
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| In infection control WHO is a susceptile host? | Person
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| Mode of Transmission | Specific whats in which microorganisms travel from the reservoir to the susceptible host.
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| ALLERGIC reaction* | latex sensitivity is a physical reaction to a health worker but a allergic reaction to the pt.
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| types of hazards | biologic, chemical, physical, fire and explosive and sharps
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| biologic | infectious agent that can cause bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic infections.
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| chemical | toxin, carcinogenic, caustic
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| fire and explosive | Bunsen burners oxygen and chemicals that can cause burns or dismemberments
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| sharps | needle, lancets, broken glass anything that can cut, pierce, and or puncture causing blood borne pathogens exposure
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| physical | wet floors, heavy lifting cause falls, sprains and strains.
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| five main types or mode of transmission | contact, droplet, airborne, common vehicle and vector borne.
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| Contact | direct and indirect (fomite)
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| droplet | cold, flu, and sneezing
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| airborne | viral- breath in
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| common vehicle | person, fomite and not hand washing
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| vector borne | illness that is transmitted through an invertebrate such as an insect
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| mode of infection | the point in the infection chain where we aim at preventing the spread of infectious disease
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| standard precautions do what? | infection control method designed to prevent direct contact with blood and other body fluids and tissues by using a barrier of protection and work control practices
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| what do we assume all Pts to be? | Patients are presumed to be infective for blood borne pathogens
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| standard precautions consists of what? | gloves, face shields, disposal and disinfectants
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| medical asepsis | this condition is best defined as " the destruction of pathogenic microorganisms after they leave the body" it also involves environmental hygiene measures such as equipment cleaning and disinfection procedures.
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| what are barrier protections? | masks, gloves, face shields, respirator gloves
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| how do you remove PPE equipment? | 1st- gloves 2nd- gown 3rd- shields.
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| what type of soap should be used? | non-abrasive, antibacterial soap
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| what do you do if blood splashes in the eye or mucous membrane? | flush with warm water (hotter the better) for 15 mins report to supervisor asap.
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| who cannot be identified in an incident report? | a minor
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| bedside manner includes? | introduce yourself, verify pt. explain procedure, small talk, advise them when your ready to poke, and speak to them on a first name basis.
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| what phase is best practice? | "pleasant with the pt, professional with the poke"
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| if pt has an I.V where do you draw blood? | downstream from the I.V.
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| double mastectomy pts should only have blood drawn from what? | hands.
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| left mastectomy pts should have blood drawn from what side? | right.
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| what is fistula? | artificial connections of veins.
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| what is graft? | artificial artery connections of veins.
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| sclerosis is? | hard and cord like veins.
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| for obese pts what vein is used? | cephalic vein is most likely to be the one you can palpate and draw blood from.
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| cephalic means? | head.
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| most common complication in phlebotomy | hematoma
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| to prevent a hematoma | prevented if pressure is placed on the venipuncture sire until bleeding stops
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| if a pt faints what is the 1st thing to do ? | get the needle out of the arm
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| vasovagal syncope is | fainting dizziness before, during or after venipuncture
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| circulatory system function | is to deliver oxygen, nutrients, hormones and enzymes to the cells. transport cellular waste such as carbon dioxide and urea to the organs where they can be expelled from the body.
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| circulatory exchange is done where? | capillary level
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| 45% of blood is | formed elements
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| formed elements | erythrocytes (red blood cells) = 99% of formed elements leukocytes (white blood cells) and thrombocytes (platelets)
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| all blood cells originate from | stem cells in the bone marrow
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| the heart acts as what | two pumps (right and left sides)
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| left and right sides of heart are connected by | two circulations with each pump equipped with two valves the function of which is to maintain a one way flow of blood
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| pulmonary circulations | carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lunges (alveoli) and return oxygenated blood from the lunges to the left atrium
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| oxygenation takes place | at the alveoli - sacks in the lunges
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| systemic circulation | carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle throughout the body
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| tricuspid valve | an atrioventricular valve, being situated between the right atrium and the right ventricle
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| pulmonic valve | semi lunar valve situated between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
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| mitral valve | (bicuspid valve) is another atrioventricaular valve, being situated between the left atrium and the left ventricle
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| aortic valve | semi lunar valve situated between the left ventricle and the aorta
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| how long does it take for a full circulation? | one min
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| the average person weighting 155 pds has | app. 5-6 liters of blood in their system
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| blood composes of | 7-9% of total body weight of a person
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| blood has how much plasma? | 55% is plasma
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| plasma is what? | a clear, pale yellow fluid
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| what does plasma do | it carries nutrients, lipids, glucose, sodium, magnesium, calcium, potassium, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, antibodies as wells as vitamins and hormones ect.
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| what is 45% of blood | RBC, WBC and platelets. known as the formed cellular elements.
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| how long does your body take to regenerate RBC you lose during donation | 6-8 weeks if you donate the maximum of 500ml
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| three layers of the heart | endocardium, myocardium, Epicardium
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| Endocardium | the endothelial inner layer lining of the heart
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| myocardium | the muscular layer, this is the contractile element of the heart
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| Epicardium | the fibrous outer layer of the heart. the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart are found in this layer
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| blood vessels are | aorta, arteries, arterioles, caplliaries, venules and veins, superior and inferior vena cava
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| Erythrocytes | red blood cells (RBC)
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| Erythocrytes contain | hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein
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| hemoglobin | enters the blood as an immature reticulocyte where in one to two days, it matures into erythrocyte
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| how many RBS's per microliter | 4.2 to 6.2 million RBC's per microliter of blood.
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| what is the normal lifespan of RBC's | is 120 days
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| what is leukocytes function | provide the body protection against infection
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| how many WBC's for adults per microliter | 5,000-10,000
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| leukocytosis is what? | an increase in WBC's is seen in the case of infection and leukemia
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| Leukopenia is what? | a decrease in WBC's is seen with viral infection or chemotherapy
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| how many types of WBC's are in the blood? | 5
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| a differential count does what? | determines the percentage of each type
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| neutrophils are what? | phagocytic cells, meaning they engulf and digest bacteria. their number increase in bacterial infection
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| neutrophils comprise how much of WBC's population | 40-60 percent of WBC's population
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| lymphocytes do what? | their numbers increase in viral infection, they also play a role in immunity
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| lymphocytes comprise how much of the WBC population | 20-40 percent of the WBC population
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| monocytes do what? | increase in intracellular infection and tuberculosis
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| monocytes comprise how much of the WBC population? | 3-8 percent and are the largest WBC's
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| Eosinophils do what? | they are active against antibody-labeled foreign molecules
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| Eosinophils increase | in allergies, skin infections, and parasite infections
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| ensinophils come | first in allergic reactions. during an allergic reaction it would show and increase in Eosinophil count
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| Basophils do what | release histamine
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| Basophils count for what of the WBC's population | 0-1% in the blood
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| thrombocytes are essential for what? | blood coagulation
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| thrombocytes are also known as | platelets are small irregularly shaped packets of cytoplasm in bone marrow
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| three major veins are located | in the antecubital fossa
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| the three major veins are? | median cubital vein, cephalic vein, basilica vein
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| 1st order of draw | red topper tube
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| red top also known as | plain vacuum tube and contains no additive or anticoagulant
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| collected blood clots by normal coagulation process is | 30 minutes
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| do you need to invert a red tube? | No
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| common tests for red tubes are | serum chemistry, serology, blood bank, Lytes
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| arterial blood gad (ABG) sample must be run within | 15 minutes of collection
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| arterial blood is used to determine | blood gas levels and blood PH. usually collected by a nurse or respitory therapist
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| basal state is | when the patient has fasted and not exercised is 12 hours.
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| do you note if a patient has not fasted? | yes
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| 2nd order of draw? | light blue
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| light blue has what additive? | sodium citrate different ratios
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| light blue tubes must be inverted many times | 5-10
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| light blue tubes are used to test | coagulation determinations on plasma specimens, certain test require chilled specimens, always fill to max fill line
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| 3rd order of draw color is | tiger top/gold top
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| tiger top/gold top have what additive | clot activator- or glass particles fix tropic gel
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| blood coagulates with additive in | 15-30 minutes
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| 4th order of draw | green top, mint top, hash marks on label
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| mint green top has what additive | PST-Plasma separator tube
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| Green top has what additive | heparin combined with sodium and lithium and ammonium ion
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| Hash marked tube has what additive | sodium heparin
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| common tests for green tubes are | ammonia carboxyhemoglobin (HCG= human chorionic gonadotropin (hormone) test for pregnancy) STAT lytes
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| Lytes are? | Electrolytes- potassium, sodium
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| BMP Panel is | Basic, Metobolic, Panel
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| A panel is | a group of tests ordered together
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| sodium additive tubes test for | lithium
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| 5th order of draw tube color is | lavender
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| lavender tube has what additive? | EDTA- Ethylenediaminetetraacetate
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| BMP- Chem 8 tiger/gold tube | Basic Metatbolic panel
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| CMP-chem 14 tiger/ gold tube | comprehensive metabolic panel
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| Dark purple tube has | 7 ML of EDTA- calcium binding agent
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| LT purple tube has | 3.6 ml of EDTA- calcium binding agent
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| pink top tubes are used for | blood banks/ transfusion- for blood typing
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| lavender top tubes are used for | CBC-complete blood count, CBCAN- complete blood count automatic differential, CBCDN- complete blood count manual differential
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| ESR-lavender top tube | Erythrocytes sedimentation rate
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| ESR test for | suckle cell screening
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| EDTA | inhibits coagulation by binding to calcium in the specimen
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| what tube is used for coagulation studies? | light Blue
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| tubes must be filled | at least2/3 full
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| tubes must be inverted | 8 times
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| hematocrit measures | the percentage of the RBC's in a given volume of whole blood
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| what test is always given before blood donation? | hematocrit
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| 1-blood enters the heart | superior and inferior Vena Cava
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| 2-goes to | Right Atrium
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| 3-from there to | tricuspid valve
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| 4-then onto | right ventricle
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| 5-and now out to the | pulmonary artery and lungs
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| 6-back into the | pulmonary viens
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| 7-then onto the | left atrium
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| 8-moves onto the | Bicuspid valve
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| 9-down to the | left ventricle
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| 10-fonall to your hot dob via the | aorta
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| veins have | valves
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| ABG (arterial Blood Gas) | analyses arterial blood for oxygen, carbon dioxide, and bicarbonate content in addition to blod PH and used to determine the effectiveness or respiration
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| Aseptic | the absence of microorganisms or by contrast, something that just discourages the growth of microorgansims is antiseptice
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| what are the three preferred veins of the arm for phlebotomy? | cephalic, median cubital, basalic.
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| what artery is to be avoided for venipuncture? | brachial
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| the integumentary system is | skin hair nails
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| the outermost layer of the skin is | epidermis
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| the layer that contains the touch receptor | dermis
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| the fat layer is called | subcutaneous tissue
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| what is the function of the outermost layer | epidermis is dead cells that protect the body.
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| wwhat dermal layer regulates body heat? | the subcutaneous fat layer
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| which layer holds the capillaries | dermis
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| the cardiovascular system comprises | the heart vessels the blood
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| what color is plasma | light yellow
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| 91% of plasma is what | water
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| less than 9% of plasma is mostly made up of what | proteins
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| the function of albumin is to | provide cells nutrients
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| the function of fibrinogen is to | stop bleeding
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| the main function of globublins are to provide | immunity
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| what are the formed elements of blood | RBCs WBCs and platelets
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| the main function of the RBC is to | carry O2 and CO2
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| the white blood cells proved for what | immunity
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| platelets are in the blood system to do what | stop bleeding...
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| what is a thrombocyte | a platelet
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| which cells move through the body on their own | WBCs
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| what is a leukocyte | WBC
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| what action does a leukocyte use to eliminate an infection | Phagocytosis
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| the heart has how many chambers? | 4
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| the top chambers are called | atria
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| the bottom chambers are called | ventricles
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| the left chambers of the heart pump blood to where | body
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| the right chambers of the heart pump blood to where | lungs
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| the veins carry blood to where | to the right atria of the heart
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| the arteries are responsible for pumping blood | away from the heart
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| what vessel carries blood to the lungs? | pulmonary artery
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| which vessel carries blood from the lungs to the heart? | pulmonary veins
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| the three kinds of blood vessels | veins, arteries, capillaries
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| capillaries are made up of only one kind of vessel tissue called | tunica intima
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| the blood vessel outer layer is called what | tunica adventia
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| the middle layer of the blood vessel is called the | tunica media
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| what are veniols and arteriols | the small veins and arteries that branch into capillaries
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| what percentage of blood is plasma and formed elements? | 45% plasma, 55% formed elements.
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| what should you do if a vein collapses when drawing a standard vacutainer tube? | change to a smaller tube like pediatric size.
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| routine venipuncture procedure consist of | verify the requisition for test, identify the PT, wash your hands, gloves, palpate the vein
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| cysts | a closed sac in or under the skin lined with epithelium and containing fluid or semi solid material
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| analytical errors | PT. miss id, wrong tube, improper time for collection inadequate fasting improper site preparation med interference
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| Quality Assurance (QA) | program that guarantees quality PT. care by tracking outcome
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| NPO | nothing by mouth
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| edema | accumulation of fluid in tissues
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| fistula | surgical connection between an artery and vein (opening)
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| Phlebitis | inflammation of vein results from repeated puncture of the vein
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| Petechiae | tiny non raised red spots on the skin from rupturing of capillaries due to tourniquet being left on too long or tight.
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| Thrombus | aggregation of platelets fibrin clotting factors/ the cellular elements of blood attached to the interior wall of the vein or artery
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| thrombophlebitis | inflammation of vein with clot
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| septicemia | systemic infection
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| trauma | injury to underlying tissues caused by probing of needle
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| hematoma | blood accumulated in the tissue surrounding the vein
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| hema concentration | caused by prolong application of the tourniquet
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| median cubical vein | vein of choice large/ do not tend to move
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| cephalic vein | second choice tend to move use in obese PT.
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| basilica vein | third choice if needle is inserted too deep you may punctured the brachial
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| activated partial thromboplastic time | APTT a test for detecting coagulation defects of the intrinsic system
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| prothrombin time | PT factor @ a plasma protein that is converted to the active form
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| stage 1 of hemostasis vascular phase | injury to blood vessel causes it to constrict slowing flow of blood
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| stage 2 hemostasis platelet phase | injury to endothelial lining causes platelets to adhere to it
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| five types of WBC | neutrophils, lymphocyte, monocytes, basophils, eosinophil's
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| thrombocytes | platelets
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| leukocytes | white blood cells (function provide protection against infection)
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| erythrocytes | red blood cells
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| capillaries | microscopic blood vessels
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| blood vessel | network of tubes that carry blood
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| pulmonic valve | prevent blood from flowing back into the right ventricle from the pulmonary trunk
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| toxicology | analyzes plasma level of drug/ poisons
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| electrophoresis | analyzes chemical components of blood
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| stage 3 of homeostasis coagulation phase | cascade of interaction of coagulation factors that converts the platelet plug to a stable fibrin clot
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| biologic | pertaining to organisms and their products
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| micro capillary collection dermal | (skin) puncture
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| dermal punctures | example are PKU, glucose (blood sugar)
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| order of blood draw | 1st- lavender 2nd- tubes with additives 3rd- tubes without additives
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| hematology | red and white blood cell counts
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| chemistry | elevates status of organ, body system or general health
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| serology | evaluate PT.s immune response
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| urinalysis | test urine to detect disorder/ infection of kidney and urinary tract
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| microbiology | detection of pathogenic microorganisms
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| stage 4 of hemostasis fibrinolysis | breakdown/ removal of clot
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| microorganisms | disease cause pathogenic
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| molecules | two or more atoms that are covalently bonded
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| buffy coat | grayish white layer of white blood cells
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| packed red blood cells | preparation of blood cells separated from liquid plasma (given in severe anemia ) restore hemoglobin and red cells
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| plasma | liquid portion of white blood / contains active clotting agents
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| capillary tube | used to collect capillary blood samples
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| allosteric | the site other than the active site of an enzyme that bind regulatory molecules
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| gylcohemoglobin | glycosylated hemoglobin the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks
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| erythropoiesis | process of erythrocyte production in the bone marrow
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| hemoglobin | (Hb) complex protein iron compound in the blood that carries oxygen to the cells from the lunges/ carbon dioxide away from the cells to the lungs.
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| elasticity | ability of tissue to regain it original shape/ size after being stretched
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| gauge | caliber of dimension
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| meniscus | curved fibrous cartilage in the knees / other joints
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| glucose | simple sugar found in certain foods (fruits) major source of energy in the blood / animal body fluids
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| morphology | study of physical shape/ size of a specimen
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| metabolism | break down of chemical in food resulting in grouter generation of energy elimination of wastes and other body functions
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| lancet | sharp pointed blade used to obtain a drop of blood for a capillary sample
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| reagent | chemical substance known to react in a specific way
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| emia | mean blood
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| needles are color coded to indicate their | gauge
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| when a lipid panel is ordered | the PT should be fasting for at least 12 hours with water allowed
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| antisepsis | is a technique used on skin for cleaning of germ
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| color tube stopper indicates a blood collection tube containing sodium heparin | Green
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| pre-analytical | means variables affecting the specimen before lab testing
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| blood borne diseases that is most likely to be transmitted by needle-stick is | hepatitis c
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| situation that is unacceptable to use an alcohol-based hand rub | is before eating
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| if you get blood on the outside of the tube you have just filled with blood | wipe the outside of the tube with disinfectant
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| primary cause of a collapsed vein during venipuncture is | blood withdrawn too quickly/ forcefully
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| considering PT safety, the most dangerous phlebotomy practice is | labeling the empty collection tubes before collection
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| Per CLSI the # of unsuccessful venipuncture attempts by an individual phlebotomist should be | no more than 2
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| when performing a micro-collection procedure the best way to increase blood flow | is to pre-warm the site
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| if you need to collect 5ml of blood on an 18 month old | use the veins on the dorsal hand
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| to identify and verify that the Pt is correct | ask them to state their name and DOB and match it to the requisition
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| antibiotics | destroy or kill bacteria that cause disease
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| cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) | fluid that flows through/ protects the four ventricle of the brain subarachnoid spaces the spinal canal
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| anticoagulants | prevent blood from clotting
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| red blood cell | is most numerous in the circulating blood
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| the rubber sleeve | (at the end opposite the beveled needle tip) on an evacuated tub needle make it possible for use multiple tubes.
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| type and crossmatch (T&C) | identify blood that is compatibility
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| lip emic | serum or plasma that has a white milky appearance
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| remember that hep A | is not a blood borne pathogen
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| phlebotomists are trained | in pre analytical phases in laboratory testing
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| antiseptic to use when cleaning the arm to collect a blood alcohol | is soap and water
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| venipuncture site | should be cleaned in a circular motion from the center to the periphery
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| if your pt does not have a armband on (for identification) | tell the nurse and you cannot collect the blood until the armband is placed on the PT.
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| a chain of custody procedure | is required for specimen where the test result may have legal consequences
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| PHI (protected health information) per HIPAA | is pt name, diagnosis, and phone number
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| if a pt develops a hematoma | during the venipuncture procedure stop, apply pressure to site, raise the arm above the level of the heart and apply a pressure bandage
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| standard precautions | is a two step infection control guideline for hospitalized pt that combines universal precautions and body substance isolation
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| OSHA is the organization | that mandates safe working condition for employees
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| fasting lab test are order | to eliminate the effects of diet on the test result
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| when using evacuated tubes for blood collection | it is crucial to remember to never under fill tubes that contain anticoagulant, use tube past their stated expiration dates immediately invert tubes that contain additives
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|
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| lab test requires serum use | red color topped tub
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|
||||
| blue stopper | contain the additive sodium citrate
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|
||||
| capillary blood sampling | require very little blood
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|
||||
| if your tub adapter become contaminated | with blood disposed of it in a biohazard waste container
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|
||||
| middle finger | is recommended site for performing a skin puncture in an older child or adult
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| informed consent | PT voluntarily permits touching, examination and or treatment
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| dependability | is example of an ethical work characteristic
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|
||||
| good way to earn a PT trust | is act knowledgeable convey sincerity and look professional
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| brachial veins | is your last choice from which to collect a blood specimen
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|
||||
| aspect of professionalism | is communication skills ethical behavior and time management
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|
||||
| venous access devices | (VAD)
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|
||||
| if a pt has clotting disorder pressure should be applied to site for | at least 5mins.
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|
||||
| purpose for doing blood cultures | is to detect septicemia
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|
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| post prandial | after meal
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|
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| anticoagulants | prevents formation of fibrin (blood clotting)
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|
||||
| anticoagulants EDTA | works by binding calcium
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|
||||
| hand washing | is the most important means of preventing the spread of infection
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|
||||
| AIDS | is caused by HIV virus
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|
||||
| you have a statistically greater chance of contracting | hepatitis in a work related incident than you do contracting AIDS
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|
||||
| most prevalent type of nosocomial infections | are those of the urinary tract
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|
||||
| tourniquets | prevents venous outflow of blood causing the veins to bulge
🗑
|
||||
| tourniquets may | be left on 1 min
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|
||||
| yellow top tube | (sterile) contains anticoagulant sodium polyanetholesulfonate (SPS) use for cultured specimens invert 8 times
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|
||||
| Red/gray | (speckled) top called tiger top serum separator common test- serum chemistry test/ serology test/ blood bank
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|
||||
| proper way to dispose of a needle is to | put it into a sharps container with out recapping STAT. after withdrawing it
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|
||||
| homeostasis | process by which blood vessels are repaired after injury
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|
||||
| ethical behavior | standard of right and wrong
🗑
|
||||
| pulmonary circulation | carries deoxygenated blood from right ventricle
🗑
|
||||
| systemic circulation | carries oxygenated blood from left ventricle
🗑
|
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