Anatomy & Physiology
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| show | regulates and controls metabolic processes, helps maintain body homeostasis (i.e. maintaining blood glucose levels during erratic food intake), and serves as one of the two major control systems of the body (with the nervous system)
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| show | endocrine glands located throughout the body (i.e. synthesize and secrete hormones that are released into the blood and transported through the body)
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| show | cells with a specific receptor for a hormone, bind hormone (initiates and inhibits selective cell activities)
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| functions of the endocrine system | show 🗑
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| maintaining homeostasis of blood composition and volume | show 🗑
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| controlling reproductive activities | show 🗑
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| regulating development, growth, and metabolism | show 🗑
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| controlling digestive processes | show 🗑
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| show | scattered throughout the body
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| show | pure endocrine organs and organs that contain endocrine cells
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| show | pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands
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| organs containing endocrine cells | show 🗑
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| show | regulated secretion of hormone controlled through reflex, preprogrammed response to certain stimuli, and initiated by three types of stimulation
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| three types of stimulation | show 🗑
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| hormonal stimulation | show 🗑
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| show | thyroid stimulating hormone released from anterior pituitary which stimulates thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormone
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| show | response to changing levels of nutrients or ions - hormones act on target cells to offset further loss or eliminate excess (due to changes of hormonal levels in human body)
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| show | release of epinephrine and norepinephrine by adrenal medulla in response to sympathetic nervous stimulation
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| control of hormone secretions | show 🗑
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| negative feedback | show 🗑
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| show | blood concentration of hormones increase (even more hormones are secreted)
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| pure endocrine organs | show 🗑
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| show | pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, pineal gland, and adrenal glands
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| pituitary gland | show 🗑
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| show | anterior lobe and posterior lobe
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| show | growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, melanocyte-stimulating hormone, gonadotropins, and prolactin
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| posterior lobe | show 🗑
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| show | stimulates cell growth and cell division, stimulates body growth by stimulating increased protein production and growth of epiphyseal plates, and particularly affects skeletal and muscular system
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| thyroid-stimulating hormone | show 🗑
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| adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) | show 🗑
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| show | stimulates rate of melanin-synthesis by melanocytes in skin, and functions in appetite suppression
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| show | follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone, regulate hormone synthesis by gonads, and regulate production and maturation of gametes
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| show | targets milk-producing glands in the breast - stimulates milk production
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| show | does not make hormones, stores and releases hormones made in the hypothalamus, and releases two hormones
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| show | targets kidneys to reabsorb water
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| show | induces smooth muscle contraction of reproductive organs, ejects milk during feedings, and signals contraction of the uterus during childbirth
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| show | located in the anterior neck, largest pure endocrine gland, and produces two hormones
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| show | increases basal metabolic rate
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| show | lowers calcium blood levels when they are too high
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| parathyroid glands | show 🗑
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| show | regulate blood concentration of calcium (released in response to decreased blood calcium levels and returns blood calcium to normal levels)
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| pineal gland | show 🗑
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| melatonin | show 🗑
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| show | pyramid-shaped glands located on the superior surface of each kidney that is two endocrine glands in one
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| show | adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex
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| show | part of the sympathetic nervous system, forms inner core of each adrenal gland, red-brown color due to extensive blood vessels, and released epinephrine and norepinephrine with sympathetic stimulation
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| show | derived from somatic nervous system, synthesizes more than 25 corticosteroids, yellow color due to lipids within cells, and three regions producing different steroid hormones
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| show | secrete amine hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine
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| epinephrine and norepinephrine | show 🗑
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| adrenal coretex | show 🗑
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| show | mineralocorticosteriods, glucocorticoids, and gonadocorticoids
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| show | aldosterone
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| aldosterone | show 🗑
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| show | corisol and corticosterone
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| show | helps the body deal with stressful situations, repair damaged tissue
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| gonadocorticoids | show 🗑
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| androgen | show 🗑
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| organs that contain endocrine cells | show 🗑
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| show | located in the lower neck and anterior thorax, important immune organ, site at which T-lymphocytes mature, and secretes thymic hormones
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| the gonads | show 🗑
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| show | testes and ovaries
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| testosterone | show 🗑
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| male sex hormone | show 🗑
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| female sex hormone | show 🗑
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| estrogen | show 🗑
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| progesterone | show 🗑
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| pancreas characteristics | show 🗑
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| pancreatic islet cells | show 🗑
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| two primary cell types of the pancreatic islet cells | show 🗑
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| other minor cell types (delta cells and F cells) of the pancreas | show 🗑
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| show | glucagon, insulin, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide
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| glucagon | show 🗑
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| insulin | show 🗑
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| somatostatin | show 🗑
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| show | regulates pancreatic secretions
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| show | pancreatic endocrine function - maintaining normal blood glucose, normal range 70-110 mg of glucose/deciliter, chronically high levels damaging to blood vessels & kidneys, low levels result in lethargy, mental & physical impairment, & death (if too low)
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| hypothalamus | show 🗑
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| two hormones stored in posterior pituitary | show 🗑
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| show | nerve signal sent from hypothalamus, hormones released into bloodstream from posterior pituitary
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| show | termed regulatory hormones, releasing hormones, or inhibiting hormones
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| show | secreted into blood to regulate anterior pituitary hormones
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| releasing hormones | show 🗑
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| inhibiting hormones | show 🗑
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| show | growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, melanocyte-stimulating hormone, gonadotropins, prolactin
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| hormones of the hypothalamus | show 🗑
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| thyrotropin-releasing hormone | show 🗑
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| show | increases secretion of prolactin
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| gonadotropin-releasing hormone | show 🗑
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| show | increases secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone
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| growth hormone-releasing hormone | show 🗑
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| growth hormone characteristics | show 🗑
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