PFT_Terms_Chapter16
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| amino acid | the basic unit of a protein molecule; there are 20 different amino acids used in proteins, each having a specific set of shape, electrical charge, and water or fat affinity characteristics
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| antirejection drug | a medication that prevents the body from rejecting foreign solid organ transplants
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| B cell | antibody-producing lymphocyte involved in humoral immunity
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| biologic-response modifiers | agents that alter the expression and response to surface antigens and enhance immune cell activities in ways that promote destruction of human malignancies
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| biotechnology | the application of biologic systems and organisms for agricultural, industrial, and medical purposes
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| cellular (cell-mediated) immunity | a specific response to antigens that is mediated primarily by T lymphocytes and macrophages
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| cloning | reproducing identical copies of a gene by DNA technology
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| colony-stimulating factor (CSF) | a chemical that stimulates the bone marrow to produce blood cells
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| complement | lipoproteins and globulins in blood plasma that react with the antigenantibody complex
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| complementary | of a nucleic acid strand, having each nucleotide base paired up with its counterpart in the other strand
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| cytoprotective agent | an agent administered to reduce the side effects and toxicity of chemotherapy agents
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| denatured | disruption of the structure
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| diffuse tumor | a cancerous growth that is widely distributed and are not localized
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| DNA sequence | order of nucleotide bases in the DNA molecule; a group of three nucleotides translates into one amino acid
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| extravasation | the escape of IV fluids into the surrounding tissue
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| granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) | an agent that stimulates the bone marrow to produce specific white cells, such as the granulocytes
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| hematologic agent | a replacement plasma protein that is necessary for blood coagulation and is not produced in a person with hemophilia
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| humoral immunity | an immune response in which secreted antibodies are transported by bodily fluids
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| immune response | the immune system's way of providing resistance to disease and malignancy through the production of antibodies and phagocytes
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| immunoglobulin (Ig) | a protein that responds to a specific antigen; also known as an antibody
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| lymphatic system | a network of vessels that carry lymph, the lymph nodes, and the lymphoid organs including the tonsils, spleen, and thymus; a system for filtering body fluids by nodes, vessels, and lymphocytes before the fluid returns to general circulation
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| MAb (monoclonal antibody) | an antibody produced in the laboratory by a culture derived from a single B cell
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| macrophage | a large white blood cell that engulfs antigens, toxins, and cellular debris, and digests it, and displays peptides complexed with MHC for recognition by T cells
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| neoplastic disease | a disorder that occurs when normal cellular control mechanisms become altered; characterized by uncontrolled cellular growth and the development of abnormal cells; also referred to as cancer
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| nucleotide | the basic unit of a DNA molecule, containing one of four possible bases
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| opsonization | labeling antigenic material so that it is more readily identified and destroyed by macrophages
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| oral complications | tissue injury to the oral cavity associated with chemotherapy and radiation
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| plasma cell | a B cell that produces freely circulating antibody in very large quantities
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| plasmid | a small circular ring of DNA that can insert itself into bacterial genes and can carry genes from one bacterial cell to another
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| primary site | the original site where a cancer tumor develops
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| promoter | the part of plasmid DNA where protein production starts
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| recombinant DNA | artificial DNA produced in a laboratory by inserting strands of DNA from one organism into that of another organism
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| remission | the condition in which a tumor is inactive with no cell division or growth; typically, a goal of chemotherapy
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| replication | the process of copying the DNA of a cell into a new set of DNA molecules to produce a new cell
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| resistance | lack of responsiveness of cancer cells to chemotherapy
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| secondary site | a new cancer tumor site to which malignant cells have spread from the original site
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| small lymphocyte | T and B memory cells, which carry and preserve information for the recognition of specific antigens
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| solid tumor | a tumor that forms a solid mass and can be palpated
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| T cell | lymphocyte that responds to antigens presented on the surface of other cells; involved in cellular immunity
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| terminator | the portion of plasmid DNA where protein production stops
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| transcription | the copying of information from a DNA strand onto an RNA strand, which then serves as a messenger to the molecular systems that use it to assemble a protein
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