PFT_Terms_Chapter2
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| absorption | the process whereby a drug enters the circulatory system
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| addiction | a dependence characterized by a perceived need to take a drug to attain the psychological and physical effects of mood altering substances
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| affinity | the strength by which a particular chemical messenger binds to its receptor site on a cell
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| agonist | drugs that bind to a particular receptor site and trigger the cell's response in a manner similar to the action of the body's own chemical messenger
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| allergen | substance that produces an allergic response
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| allergic response | an instance in which the immune system overreacts to an otherwise harmless substance
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| anaphylactic reaction | a severe allergic response resulting in immediate life-threatening respiratory distress, usually followed by vascular collapse and shock and accompanied by hives
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| angioedema | abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissue
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| antagonist | drugs that bind to a receptor site and block the action of the endogenous messenger or other drugs
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| antigen | a specific molecule that stimulates an immune response
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| bioavailability | the degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration
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| blood-brain barrier | a barrier that prevents many substances from entering the cerebrospinal fluid from the blood; formed by glial cells that envelope the capillaries in the central nervous system, presenting a barrier to many water-soluble compounds though they are permeable
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| ceiling effect | a point at which no clinical response occurs with increased dosage
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| clearance | the rate at which a drug is eliminated from a specific volume of blood per unit of time
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| contraindication | a disease, condition, or symptom for which a drug will not be beneficial and may do harm
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| dependence | a state in which a person's body has adapted physiologically and psychologically to a drug and cannot function without it
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| distribution | the process by which a drug moves from the blood into other body fluids and tissues and ultimately to its sites of action
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| dose | the quantity of a drug administered at one time
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| duration of action | the length of time a drug gives the desired response or is at the therapeutic level
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| elimination | removal of a drug or its metabolites from the body by excretion
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| first-order | depending directly on the concentration of the drug; elimination of most drugs is a first-order process in which a constant fraction of the drug is eliminated per unit of time
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| first-pass effect | the extent to which a drug is metabolized by the liver before reaching systemic circulation
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| half-life | the time necessary for the body to eliminate half of the drug in the body at any time; written as T1/2
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| homeostasis | stability of the organism
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| idiosyncratic reaction | an unusual or unexpected response to a drug that is unrelated to the dose given
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| indication | a disease, symptom, or condition for which a drug is known to be of benefit
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| induction | the process whereby a drug increases the concentration of certain enzymes that affect the pharmacologic response to another drug
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| inhibition | the process whereby a drug blocks enzyme activity and impairs the metabolism of another drug
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| interaction | a change in the action of a drug caused by another drug, a food, or another substance such as alcohol or nicotine
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| lipid | a fatty molecule, an important constituent of cell membranes
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| local effect | an action of a drug that is confined to a specific part of the body
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| loading dose | amount of a drug that will bring the blood concentration rapidly to a therapeutic level
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| maintenance dose | amount of a drug administered at regular intervals to keep the blood concentration at a therapeutic level
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| metabolic pathway | the sequence of chemical steps that convert a drug into a metabolite
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| metabolism | the process by which drugs are chemically converted to other compounds
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| metabolite | a substance into which a drug is chemically converted in the body
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| peak | the top or upper limit of a drug's concentration in the blood
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| pharmacokinetic modeling | a method of describing the process of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of a drug within the body mathematically
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| pharmacokinetics | the activity of a drug within the body over a period of time; includes absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination
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| prophylaxis | effect of a drug in preventing infection or disease
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| pruritus | itching sensation
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| receptor | a protein molecule on the surface of or within a cell that recognizes and binds with specific molecules, thereby producing some effect within the cell
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| side effect | a secondary response to a drug other than the primary therapeutic effect for which the drug was intended
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| solubility | a drug's ability to dissolve in body fluids
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| specificity | the property of a receptor site that enables it to bind only with a specific chemical messenger; to bind with a specific cell type, the messenger must have a chemical structure that is complementary to the structure of that cell's receptors
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| systemic effect | an action of a drug that has a generalized, all-inclusive effect on the body
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| therapeutic effect | the desired action of a drug in the treatment of a particular disease state or symptom
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| therapeutic level | the amount of drug in a patient's blood at which beneficial effects occur
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| therapeutic range | the optimum dosage, providing the best chance for successful therapy; dosing below this range has little effect on the healing process, while overdosing can lead to toxicity and death
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| tolerance | a decrease in response to the effects of a drug as it continues to be administered
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| trough | the lowest level of a drug in the blood
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| urticaria | hives, itching sensation
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| volume of distribution | mathematical relationship between the blood concentration attained and the amount of drug administered
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| wheals | slightly elevated, red areas on the body surface
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| zero-order | not depending on the concentration of the drug in the body; elimination of alcohol is a zero-order process in which a constant quantity of the drug is removed per unit of time
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