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PFT_Terms_Chapter2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| absorption | the process whereby a drug enters the circulatory system |
| addiction | a dependence characterized by a perceived need to take a drug to attain the psychological and physical effects of mood altering substances |
| affinity | the strength by which a particular chemical messenger binds to its receptor site on a cell |
| agonist | drugs that bind to a particular receptor site and trigger the cell's response in a manner similar to the action of the body's own chemical messenger |
| allergen | substance that produces an allergic response |
| allergic response | an instance in which the immune system overreacts to an otherwise harmless substance |
| anaphylactic reaction | a severe allergic response resulting in immediate life-threatening respiratory distress, usually followed by vascular collapse and shock and accompanied by hives |
| angioedema | abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissue |
| antagonist | drugs that bind to a receptor site and block the action of the endogenous messenger or other drugs |
| antigen | a specific molecule that stimulates an immune response |
| bioavailability | the degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration |
| blood-brain barrier | a barrier that prevents many substances from entering the cerebrospinal fluid from the blood; formed by glial cells that envelope the capillaries in the central nervous system, presenting a barrier to many water-soluble compounds though they are permeable |
| ceiling effect | a point at which no clinical response occurs with increased dosage |
| clearance | the rate at which a drug is eliminated from a specific volume of blood per unit of time |
| contraindication | a disease, condition, or symptom for which a drug will not be beneficial and may do harm |
| dependence | a state in which a person's body has adapted physiologically and psychologically to a drug and cannot function without it |
| distribution | the process by which a drug moves from the blood into other body fluids and tissues and ultimately to its sites of action |
| dose | the quantity of a drug administered at one time |
| duration of action | the length of time a drug gives the desired response or is at the therapeutic level |
| elimination | removal of a drug or its metabolites from the body by excretion |
| first-order | depending directly on the concentration of the drug; elimination of most drugs is a first-order process in which a constant fraction of the drug is eliminated per unit of time |
| first-pass effect | the extent to which a drug is metabolized by the liver before reaching systemic circulation |
| half-life | the time necessary for the body to eliminate half of the drug in the body at any time; written as T1/2 |
| homeostasis | stability of the organism |
| idiosyncratic reaction | an unusual or unexpected response to a drug that is unrelated to the dose given |
| indication | a disease, symptom, or condition for which a drug is known to be of benefit |
| induction | the process whereby a drug increases the concentration of certain enzymes that affect the pharmacologic response to another drug |
| inhibition | the process whereby a drug blocks enzyme activity and impairs the metabolism of another drug |
| interaction | a change in the action of a drug caused by another drug, a food, or another substance such as alcohol or nicotine |
| lipid | a fatty molecule, an important constituent of cell membranes |
| local effect | an action of a drug that is confined to a specific part of the body |
| loading dose | amount of a drug that will bring the blood concentration rapidly to a therapeutic level |
| maintenance dose | amount of a drug administered at regular intervals to keep the blood concentration at a therapeutic level |
| metabolic pathway | the sequence of chemical steps that convert a drug into a metabolite |
| metabolism | the process by which drugs are chemically converted to other compounds |
| metabolite | a substance into which a drug is chemically converted in the body |
| peak | the top or upper limit of a drug's concentration in the blood |
| pharmacokinetic modeling | a method of describing the process of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of a drug within the body mathematically |
| pharmacokinetics | the activity of a drug within the body over a period of time; includes absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination |
| prophylaxis | effect of a drug in preventing infection or disease |
| pruritus | itching sensation |
| receptor | a protein molecule on the surface of or within a cell that recognizes and binds with specific molecules, thereby producing some effect within the cell |
| side effect | a secondary response to a drug other than the primary therapeutic effect for which the drug was intended |
| solubility | a drug's ability to dissolve in body fluids |
| specificity | the property of a receptor site that enables it to bind only with a specific chemical messenger; to bind with a specific cell type, the messenger must have a chemical structure that is complementary to the structure of that cell's receptors |
| systemic effect | an action of a drug that has a generalized, all-inclusive effect on the body |
| therapeutic effect | the desired action of a drug in the treatment of a particular disease state or symptom |
| therapeutic level | the amount of drug in a patient's blood at which beneficial effects occur |
| therapeutic range | the optimum dosage, providing the best chance for successful therapy; dosing below this range has little effect on the healing process, while overdosing can lead to toxicity and death |
| tolerance | a decrease in response to the effects of a drug as it continues to be administered |
| trough | the lowest level of a drug in the blood |
| urticaria | hives, itching sensation |
| volume of distribution | mathematical relationship between the blood concentration attained and the amount of drug administered |
| wheals | slightly elevated, red areas on the body surface |
| zero-order | not depending on the concentration of the drug in the body; elimination of alcohol is a zero-order process in which a constant quantity of the drug is removed per unit of time |
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