PFT_Terms_Chapter10
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| antiemetic | a drug that inhibits impulses that cause vomiting from going to the stomach
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| body mass index (BMI) | a guide to use in determining whether to initiate pharmacologic treatment for obesity; calculated by dividing the patient's weight (in kilograms) by the patient's height (in meters) squared (kg/m2)
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| bowel evacuant | an agent used to empty the colon prior to GI examination or after toxic ingestion
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| chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) | an area below the floor of the fourth ventricle of the brain that can trigger nausea and vomiting when certain signals are received
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| Crohn disease | an inflammatory bowel disease affecting the entire GI tract from mouth to anus
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| diverticular disease | formation and inflammation of an outpocketing from the colon wall
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| duodenal ulcer | a peptic lesion situated in the duodenum
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| emesis | vomiting
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| empty stomach | 2 hours before or after eating
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| fiber | the undigested residue of fruits, vegetables, and other foods of plant origin that remains after digestion by the human GI enzymes; characterized by fermentability and may be either water soluble or insoluble
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| gastric stasis | lack of stomach motility
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| gastric ulcer | a local excavation in the gastric mucosa
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| gastritis | irritation and superficial erosion of the stomach lining
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| gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) | a GI disease characterized by radiating burning or pain in the chest and an acid taste, caused by backflow of acidic stomach contents across an incompetent lower esophageal sphincter; also referred to as heartburn
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| gastrointestinal (GI) tract | a continuous tube that begins in the mouth and extends through the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine to end at the anus
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| GI transit time | the time it takes for material to pass from one end of the GI tract to the other; the slower the GI transit time, the greater the amounts of nutrients and water absorbed
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| H2 histamine receptor antagonist | an agent that blocks acid and pepsin secretion in response to histamine, gastrin, foods, distention, caffeine, or cholinergic stimulation; used to treat GERD and H. pylori
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| Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) | a bacterium that contributes to the development of many gastric ulcers
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| hemorrhoids | engorgements of the vascular cushions situated within the sphincter muscles; result from pressure exerted on anal veins while straining to pass a stool
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| hepatitis | a disease of the liver that causes inflammation, can be acute or chronic, and has several forms A through G
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| hepatitis A | a viral form of hepatitis that is usually mild and transient and can be spread from one person to another
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| hepatitis B | the most dangerous form of hepatitis, accompanied by jaundice and easily spread from one person to another
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| hepatitis C | an infection of the liver that cannot be spread from one person to another by contact; most commonly transmitted by blood transfusions or illicit drug use
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| hiatal hernia | a protrusion through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm
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| host | the animal on which a parasite feeds
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| irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) | a functional disorder in which the lower GI tract does not have appropriate tone or spasticity to regulate bowel activity
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| IVIG | the notation for immune globulin that is given intravenously
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| malabsorption syndrome | impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients
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| malaria | an infectious febrile disease caused by the protozoan Plasmodium and transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito
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| morbid obesity | a state in which an individual's weight is two or more times the ideal body weight (IBW)
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| obesity | a state in which an individual's total body weight includes greater quantities of fat than is considered normal (25% of total body weight for men and 35% for women)
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| osmotic laxative | an organic substance that draws water into the colon and thereby stimulates evacuation
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| parasite | an organism that lives on or in another organism (known as the host), surviving by drawing nourishment from the food or the tissues of the host; the parasite lives within the intermediate host during the larval stage and within the definitive host at matu
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| peptic disease | disorders of the upper GI tract caused by the action of acid and pepsin; includes mucosal injury, erythema, erosions, and frank ulceration
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| peptic ulcer | an ulcer formed at any part of the GI tract exposed to acid and the enzyme pepsin
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| phenothiazine | a drug, related to the typical antipsychotics, that controls vomiting by inhibiting the CTZ
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| proton pump inhibitor | a drug that blocks gastric acid secretion by inhibiting the enzyme that pumps hydrogen ions into the stomach
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| protozoan | single-celled animal
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| reflux | backflow; specifically in GERD, the backflow of acidic stomach contents across an incompetent lower esophageal sphincter
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| saline laxative | an inorganic salt that attracts water into the hollow portion (lumen) of the colon, increasing intraluminal pressure to cause evacuation
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| stimulant laxative | a laxative that increases gut activity by irritating the mucosa
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| stress ulcer | a peptic ulcer, usually gastric, that occurs in a clinical setting; caused by a breakdown of natural mucosal resistance
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| surfactant laxative | a stool softener that has a detergent activity that facilitates mixing of fat and water, making the stool soft and mushy
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| traveler's diarrhea | diarrhea caused by ingesting contaminated food or water; so called because it is often contracted by travelers in countries where the water supply is contaminated
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| ulcer | a local defect or excavation of the surface of an organ or tissue
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| ulcerative colitis | irritation and inflammation of the large bowel, causing it to look scraped; characterized by bloody mucus leading to watery diarrhea containing blood, mucus, and pus
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| vector | an animal that transfers a parasite to a host
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| vertigo | the sensation of the room spinning when one gets up or changes positions; can be treated with anticholinergic agents
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