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PFT_Terms_Chapter10
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| antiemetic | a drug that inhibits impulses that cause vomiting from going to the stomach |
| body mass index (BMI) | a guide to use in determining whether to initiate pharmacologic treatment for obesity; calculated by dividing the patient's weight (in kilograms) by the patient's height (in meters) squared (kg/m2) |
| bowel evacuant | an agent used to empty the colon prior to GI examination or after toxic ingestion |
| chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) | an area below the floor of the fourth ventricle of the brain that can trigger nausea and vomiting when certain signals are received |
| Crohn disease | an inflammatory bowel disease affecting the entire GI tract from mouth to anus |
| diverticular disease | formation and inflammation of an outpocketing from the colon wall |
| duodenal ulcer | a peptic lesion situated in the duodenum |
| emesis | vomiting |
| empty stomach | 2 hours before or after eating |
| fiber | the undigested residue of fruits, vegetables, and other foods of plant origin that remains after digestion by the human GI enzymes; characterized by fermentability and may be either water soluble or insoluble |
| gastric stasis | lack of stomach motility |
| gastric ulcer | a local excavation in the gastric mucosa |
| gastritis | irritation and superficial erosion of the stomach lining |
| gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) | a GI disease characterized by radiating burning or pain in the chest and an acid taste, caused by backflow of acidic stomach contents across an incompetent lower esophageal sphincter; also referred to as heartburn |
| gastrointestinal (GI) tract | a continuous tube that begins in the mouth and extends through the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine to end at the anus |
| GI transit time | the time it takes for material to pass from one end of the GI tract to the other; the slower the GI transit time, the greater the amounts of nutrients and water absorbed |
| H2 histamine receptor antagonist | an agent that blocks acid and pepsin secretion in response to histamine, gastrin, foods, distention, caffeine, or cholinergic stimulation; used to treat GERD and H. pylori |
| Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) | a bacterium that contributes to the development of many gastric ulcers |
| hemorrhoids | engorgements of the vascular cushions situated within the sphincter muscles; result from pressure exerted on anal veins while straining to pass a stool |
| hepatitis | a disease of the liver that causes inflammation, can be acute or chronic, and has several forms A through G |
| hepatitis A | a viral form of hepatitis that is usually mild and transient and can be spread from one person to another |
| hepatitis B | the most dangerous form of hepatitis, accompanied by jaundice and easily spread from one person to another |
| hepatitis C | an infection of the liver that cannot be spread from one person to another by contact; most commonly transmitted by blood transfusions or illicit drug use |
| hiatal hernia | a protrusion through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm |
| host | the animal on which a parasite feeds |
| irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) | a functional disorder in which the lower GI tract does not have appropriate tone or spasticity to regulate bowel activity |
| IVIG | the notation for immune globulin that is given intravenously |
| malabsorption syndrome | impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients |
| malaria | an infectious febrile disease caused by the protozoan Plasmodium and transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito |
| morbid obesity | a state in which an individual's weight is two or more times the ideal body weight (IBW) |
| obesity | a state in which an individual's total body weight includes greater quantities of fat than is considered normal (25% of total body weight for men and 35% for women) |
| osmotic laxative | an organic substance that draws water into the colon and thereby stimulates evacuation |
| parasite | an organism that lives on or in another organism (known as the host), surviving by drawing nourishment from the food or the tissues of the host; the parasite lives within the intermediate host during the larval stage and within the definitive host at matu |
| peptic disease | disorders of the upper GI tract caused by the action of acid and pepsin; includes mucosal injury, erythema, erosions, and frank ulceration |
| peptic ulcer | an ulcer formed at any part of the GI tract exposed to acid and the enzyme pepsin |
| phenothiazine | a drug, related to the typical antipsychotics, that controls vomiting by inhibiting the CTZ |
| proton pump inhibitor | a drug that blocks gastric acid secretion by inhibiting the enzyme that pumps hydrogen ions into the stomach |
| protozoan | single-celled animal |
| reflux | backflow; specifically in GERD, the backflow of acidic stomach contents across an incompetent lower esophageal sphincter |
| saline laxative | an inorganic salt that attracts water into the hollow portion (lumen) of the colon, increasing intraluminal pressure to cause evacuation |
| stimulant laxative | a laxative that increases gut activity by irritating the mucosa |
| stress ulcer | a peptic ulcer, usually gastric, that occurs in a clinical setting; caused by a breakdown of natural mucosal resistance |
| surfactant laxative | a stool softener that has a detergent activity that facilitates mixing of fat and water, making the stool soft and mushy |
| traveler's diarrhea | diarrhea caused by ingesting contaminated food or water; so called because it is often contracted by travelers in countries where the water supply is contaminated |
| ulcer | a local defect or excavation of the surface of an organ or tissue |
| ulcerative colitis | irritation and inflammation of the large bowel, causing it to look scraped; characterized by bloody mucus leading to watery diarrhea containing blood, mucus, and pus |
| vector | an animal that transfers a parasite to a host |
| vertigo | the sensation of the room spinning when one gets up or changes positions; can be treated with anticholinergic agents |
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