Questions Strabismus and Amblyopia and some Laser
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| At what age does the normal infant obtain 20/20 VA? | 3 years
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| What is form deprivation amblyopia? | From opacity of ocular media
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| What is a comitant strabismus? | degree of misalignment does not vary with age.
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| What are the 3 main categories of amblyopia etiology? | Strabisimic, Refractive, Form deprivation
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| What is true of incomitant strabismus? | Degree of misalignment varies with direction of gaze and muscles may not be functioning normally.
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| Define Heterotropia. | Eyes are not aligned
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| Define Tropia | Strabismus that is present constantly or intermittently without interrupting fusion
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| Define Phoria | Strabismus that requires fusion to be interrupted before becoming manifest. Deviated eye will return to normal position.
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| Which way does the eye deviate with esotropia? | Inward- towards the nose- nasally
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| Which way does the eye deviate with hyperphoria? | Upward- superiorly
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| What is true about congenital esotropia | Usually constant and large, cross fixation may occur, deficiency of abduction may occur
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| A child with significantly more esotropia at near than distance is called? | Convergence excess (High AC/A Ratio)
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| What four things pertain to accommodative esotrpia? | Moderate hyperopia, Usually comes on later, Hyperopic, Treat with glasses (Plus lenses)
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| What drug is used for cycloplegia for an infant? | Atropine- Requires 1-2 days for full effect
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| What drug is used for cycloplegia in a child? | Cyclopentolate (Cyclogyl)- Takes about 40 minutes for full effect
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| Cycloplegia is used to uncover _____________. | Latent hyperopia
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| A person with greater Exo deviation at near than distance is | Convergence insufficiency
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| How do you break up fusion? | Cover one eye. An intermittent exotrope may also break fusion when they are not concentrating or day dreaming.
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| The Krimsky Test involves what? | Pupillary light reflex and measurement with prism
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| The 4D prism test is used to what? | Pick up small esotropia (pick up small absence of bifoveal fixation)
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| Cover-Uncover test determines ___________. | Tells if you have a tropia or a phoria- defines which one.
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| Cross-Cover measures ______________. | Amount of deviation. It will tell if you have a deviation but not whether it is a tropia or a phoria.
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| A child with a high AC/A Ratio has an ________________ deviation greater at ___________ than ___________________. | ESO - Near - Far
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| A child with a high AC/A Ratio will most likely need ______________. | Bifocals
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| What does the bielchowski head tilt test for? | Superior Oblique (IV) Palsy
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| Patient looking to the left. Which muscle is affected? Which cranial nerve is involved? What are the chances it will clear without Rx? | Left lateral rectus muscle. / VIth cranial nerve. / 98% clear within 6 months
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| Patient looking to the left and the left rectus muscle and VIth CN is involved. What is the most likely etiology in a patient over 45 years? | Diabetes
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| Patient looking to the left and the left rectus muscle and VIth CN is involved. What is the most likely etiology in a child patient? | Trauma
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| V-Pattern Strabismus is usually associated with ________. | Exotropia
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| A patient with non-variable marked limitation of gaze in most directions, miosis, and ptosis, but lateral gaze still works, probably has a ______________. | III Nerve Palsy
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| What is the topical anesthetic for performing forced duction? | Proparacaine
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| A child with a VIth CN Palsy onset, what should be most likely considered? | Trauma
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| An adult with recent onset Vth or VIth Nerve Palsy most likely would have ___________________. | Diabetes Mellitus
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| What are laser treatments are used for POAG? | SLT (Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty with YAG) and ALT (Argon Laser Trabeculoplasty with Argon laser)
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| What lasers is used for PRK or LASIK to ablate (remove)? | Excimer laser
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| What laser is used to cut a LASIK flap, perform corneal relaxing incisions, and soften a cataract nucleus? | Femtosecond laser
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| What lasers can perform an iridotomy? | YAG and ARGO
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| What drug is used to prevent post laser treatment pressure spikes? | Apraclonidine
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