History and Trends in Healthcare
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| Ancient Times | Illness/disease caused by supernatural spirits and demons
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| Ancient Egyptians | Earliest people to maintain health records
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| Ancient Egyptians | Mummified corpses showed signs of arthritis, kidney stones and arteriosclerosis
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| Ancient Chinese | Treat whole body by cursing spirits and nourishing the body; recorded herbal medications; used acupuncture to treat pain
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| Ancient Greeks | Illness was result of natural causes; believed in disease prevention; studied effects of disease and the human body
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| Hippocrates | "Father of Medicine"
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| Hippocrates | Organized disease by signs and symptoms
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| Hippocrates | Created high standards of ethics used by physicians (Hippocratic Oath)
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| Sign | Objective patient observation
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| Symptom | Subjective patient observation
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| Sign | Fever
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| Symptom | Pain
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| Sign | Swollen ankle
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| Symptom | Nausea
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| Ancient Romans | Established hospitals (for injured soldiers)
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| Ancient Romans | Developed public sanitation systems (aqueducts for clean water, sewers for waste)
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| Dark Ages | Emphasis on saving soul and study of medicine prohibited
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| Middle Ages | Bubonic plague killed 75% of population in Europe and Asia
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| Arab physician Rhazes | Began using animal gut for suture material
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| Renaissance | The rebirth of science & medicine; dissection of the human body began
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| Leonardo DaVinci | Studied corpses and drew the human body more realistically
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| Printing Press | Allowed knowledge to be spread
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| Anton Van Leeuwenhoek | Invented the microscope
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| Ambroise Pare | Father of modern Surgery
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| William Harvey | Described circulation of blood to/from the heart
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| Ambroise Pare | Used ligatures to bind arteries to stop bleeding
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| Gabriel Fahrenheit | Invented 1st mercury thermometer
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| Benjamin Franklin | Invented bifocals
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| Benjamin Franklin | Discovered colds could be passed from person to person
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| Edward Jenner | Developed smallpox vaccination
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| Rene Laennec | Invented the stethoscope
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| Florence Nightingale | Founder of modern nursing; started nursing schools
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| Robert Koch | Father of microbiology; developed way to grow bacteria on culture plates
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| Ignaz Semmelweiss | Encouraged hand-washing
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| Gregory Mendel | Established principles of heredity (traits can be passed from parents to children)
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| Louis Pasteur | Discovered that microorganisms cause disease and how to kill them (pasteurization of milk)
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| Wilhelm Roentgen | Discovered x-rays
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| Joseph Lister | First doctor to use antiseptic during surgery
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| Sigmund Freud | Formed the basis for psychiatry and psychology
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| Clara Barton | Founded the American Red Cross
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| Sir Alexander Fleming | Discovered penicillin
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| Jonas Salk | Discovered polio vaccination
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| Crick and Watson | Described DNA structure
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| HIPAA | Ensures privacy of patient information
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| Healthcare plans (insurance/Medicare/Medicaid) | Help pay cost of healthcare
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| Superbug | Drug-resistant bacteria
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| Bioterrorism | Using pathogens as weapons
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| Legalized euthanasia | Physician-assisted suicide
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| Geriatric care | Care for elderly
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| OBRA | Omnibus Reconciliation Act
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| Omnibus Reconciliation Act (OBRA) | Regulates long-term healthcare facilities
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| Cost containment | Control costs while achieving maximum benefits
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| Telemedicine | Using video, audio and computer systems to provide medical services
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| Diagnostic Related Group (DRG) | Classifying patients with certain disease in one payment group
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| DRG | Diagnostic Related Group
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| Complementary and Alternative Methods (CAM) | Non-traditional medical therapies
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| CAM | Complimentary and Alternative Methods
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| Complementary Medicine | Used WITH traditional therapies
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| Alternative Medicine | Used INSTEAD of traditional therapies
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| Integrative Care | Healthcare providers use both traditional and CAM therapies
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| CRAAP | An acronym to help assess credibility of health information.
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| CRAAP | Currency. Relevance, Authority, Acceptance, Purpose
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| Health Literacy | Understanding health information and knowing how to use the information to stay healthy and access the healthcare system.
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| Poor health literacy | Have poorer health outcomes, more hospitalizations and cost the healthcare system more money.
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| Currency | When was the information published (or last reviewed/edited).
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| Relevance | Is the information related to and in-depth enough on your topic?
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| Authority | Was the health information written or reviewed by a healthcare professional?
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| Accuracy | Was the information based on facts? Were cites referenced or was there a bibliography?
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| Purpose | Who funds the publication (website)? What is the purpose of the website?
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| AND | Boolean operative. Both search terms MUST be in the article for the search to bring forward the article.
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| OR | Boolean operative. One or the other search terms must be in the article for the search to bring forward the article
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| NOT | Boolean operative. Removes articles from the search that contain the search term after the operative NOT.
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| ( ) parentheses | Boolean operative. Searches the search term in the parentheses first
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