Important Names to Know
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| King Hammurabi | King of Babylon who wrote code of law, "eye for an eye"
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| Siddhartha Gautama /Buddha | Religious leader,the Enlightened One"
created the Four Noble Truths, said follow the Eightfold Path, reached nirvana, and believed in reincarnation.
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| Moses | Led the Jews out of slavery and brought down the Ten Commandments from Mt. Sinai.
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| King Cyrus the Great | Persian King who made the oldest known decree of human rights, was tolerant towards conquered people, and allowed Jews to return to Jerusalem.
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| Confucius | Chinese philosopher who believed in strong family loyalty, respect for elders by children (filial piety), the Golden Rule, and created civil service exams.
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| Emperor Shi Huangdi | Chinese ruler of the Qin Dynasty. Halted outside invaders with the Great Wall of China. Centralized Chinese roadways, currency, law, writing, and measurements.
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| Socrates | Founder of Western philosophy. Teaching method involved only asking questions and never giving direct answers. Executed by Athenian government for corrupting the youth.
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| Plato | Student of Socrates who wrote of his teacher's life. Also wrote The Republic, which outlined the perfect society of farmers, warriors, and a ruling class (feudalism).
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| Alexander the Great | Most successful Greek King and military leader in history. Conquered the Persian Empire and created a huge empire stretching from Asia to Eastern Europe and Northern Africa.
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| King Ashoka | Emperor of the most populated empire in India, the Maurya Dynasty. Spread Buddhism throughout all of Asia.
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| Muhammad | Prophet and founder of Islam. His teachings of the Five Pillars are in the Qur'an.
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| Emperor Justinian | Byzantine Emperor formed his own code of law that applied to all of his subjects, rebuilt Constaninople, and the Hagia Sophia (Church of the East).
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| Genghis Khan | Mongolian leader who conquered land in Asia. Was a gifted and cruel military leader. Was tolerant of conquered people's religions.
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| Kublai Khan | Emperor of the Yuan Dynasty of China who united China and opened trade to foreign contacts from Europe.
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| Marco Polo | Explorer who visited China and first introduced Europeans to Asia.
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| Charlemagne | Rebuilt the Western part of the Roman Empire as the first Holy Roman Emperor. Formed a strong alliance with the Pope. Encouraged learning in his empire.
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| Pope Urban II | Issued the First Crusade to recapture the Holy Land for Christians from the Muslims. Also created the Roman Curia administrative body in the Vatican.
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| Martin Luther | Wrote the 95 Theses, which attacked the Church's sale of indulgences and started the Protestant Reformation.
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| Machiavelli | Wrote The Prince, a political handbook for rulers on how to have absolute power over enemies and subjects.
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| Leonardo da Vinci | A true Renaissance man who was a painter, sculptor, and engineer among many other talents. Painted the Mona Lisa and the Last Supper
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| Mansa Musa | African Muslim ruler who controlled the gold and salt trade during the Middle Ages.
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| Ibn Battuta | Visited and wrote about his travels to the Middle East and China over 30 years. His journals are an important primary source.
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| Vasco da Gama | First European explorer to discover a direct route to India. Opened up trade between Europe and India for silks and spices.
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| King Louis XIV | French King who held absolute power, controlled the nobility, built a luxurious palace at Versailles, and raised taxes. Blamed for the conditions that led to the French Revolution.
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| Peter The Great | Tsar of Russia who westernized Russia and made his nation a major European power in the 18th Century.
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| John Locke | Enlightenment thinker who criticized absolute monarchy, supported self-government, believed in natural rights, all men are born free and equal.
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| Maximilien Robespierre | French leader during the Reign of Terror, ruled France as a dictator, and was executed after a year.
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| Napoleon Bonaparte | Successful French emperor and military leader whose rule ended the French Revolution. Set-up efficient tax collection, national bank, and complex system of law that used Enlightenment ideas.
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| Adam Smith | Father of modern economics. Believed in capitalism, fair competition, laissez-faire government, and supply and demand.
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| Karl Marx | Founder of Communism. Believed the middle class should overthrow the wealthy class, creating a classless society.
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| Touissant L’Overtoure | Led enslaved Africans to overthrow France in the Haitian Revolution.
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| Simon Bolivar | Won Venezuela independence from Spain.
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| Otto von Bismarck | "Iron Chancellor". United Germany for the first time in 1871. Used "Realpolitiks" to fix economy and Balance of Power democracy to establish peace in Europe.
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| Meiji Emperor Mutsuhito | Japanese emperor of the Meiji Dynasty who westernized Japan and colonized China and Korea.
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| Vladimir Lenin | Led the Bolshevik party during the Russian Revolution. Promised "peace, land, and bread."
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| Joseph Stalin | Totalitarian ruler of Russia who launched the Great Purge and outlined the Five Year Plans.
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| Fidel Castro | Communist leader of Cuba. Involved in the Cuban Missile Crisis during the Cold War.
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| Ho Chi Minh | Led Vietnamese independence movement from France and founded the Vietcong who fought America during the Vietnam War.
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| Pol Pot | Led the communist party, the Khmer Rouge, in Cambodia. Slaughtered 2 million people in the Cambodian Genocide.
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| Mikhail Gorbachev | Tried to reform the Soviet Union with "Glasnost" -openness of government, and "perestroika" - economic restructuring that allowed private ownership.
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| Mao Zedong | Communist leader of the People's Republic of China. Led the cultural revolution that shaped Chinese education, women's rights, and health care. Also a ruthless dictator who starved 40-70 million.
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| Deng Xiaoping | Chinese leader who shared power with the Eight Elders. Modernized agriculture, industry, defense, science and technology.
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| Mohandas Gandhi | Led Indian independence movement against Great Britain. Called on Indians to avoid buying British goods, paying taxes, and used civil disobedience to protest government.
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| Jawaharlal Nehru | First prime minister of India who emphasized democracy unity, and economic modernization. Elevated the status of lower castes.
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| Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk) | Led the Turkish Revolution and overthrew the Ottoman Empire in 1922.
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| Ayatollah Khomeini | Led the Iranian Revolution in 1979 to overthrow the secular government, started war against Iraq, and supported the Iranian Hostage Crisis.
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| Nelson Mandela | Help to end the apartheid of South Africa. Was jailed for 27 years and became president of South Africa and a world leader against racism.
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| Suleiman the Magnificent | Leader of the Ottoman Empire who united his empire under an efficient government structure.
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| Akbar the Great | Emperor of the Mughal Empire in India. He is responsible for religious toleration and the increasing of trade and cultural diffusion.
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| Elizabeth I | Queen of England and Ireland between 1558 and 1603. She was an absolute ruler who was tolerant of her subjects' religions.
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