Theories of Human Development
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| Sigmund Freuds 2 divisions ? | *Consciousness (conscious, preconscious, unconscious).....*Personality (Superego, Id, Ego)
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| How we keep our non-normal thoughts or actions in our unconscious ? | *Defense Mechanisms
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| Mature Defense Mechanisms ? | Altruism
, Humor, Sublimation, Suppression
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| Immature Defense Mechanisms ? | * Acting Out, Denial, Displacement, Dissociation, Identification, Intellectualization, Isolation of affect, Projection, Rationalization, Reaction Formation, Regression
, Somatization, Splitting, Undoing
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| Altruism and humor ? | *Altruism- Helping others to avoid negative emotions
........* Humor- Talking or joking about something painful or unpleasant in a way that makes self or others laugh
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| Sublimation and Suppression ? | *Sublimation- Channeling an unacceptable drive or desire into a socially acceptable format.
......* Suppression- Deliberately putting aside (“sweeping under the rug”, “bottling it all up”) unwanted feelings without becoming totally unaware of them.
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| Immature - Acting Out, Denial, and Displacement ? | *Acting Out- Avoid feelings by attention-getting, inappropriate behavior
....* Denial- Not believing personally intolerable facts about reality
....* Displacement- Transfer emotions from an unacceptable to acceptable person or object.
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| Dissociation, Identification, Intellectualization ? | *Dissociation- Separation of function of mental processes
...*Identification- Imitating someone who is more powerful.
....* Intellectualization- Using higher mental functions to avoid emotions
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| Isolation of Affect, Projection, and Rationalization ? | *Isolation of affect- Fail to experience powerful feelings even though understanding the event.
....* Projection- Attributing one’s own unacceptable feelings to others
....* Rationalization- Giving reasonable explanations for unacceptable feelings.
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| Reaction Formation, Regression ? | *Reaction Formation- Denying unacceptable feelings and adopting opposite attitudes....* Regression- Appearance of childlike patterns of behavior during stressful situations.
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| Splitting and Undoing ? | * Splitting- Believing people or events are either all bad or all good because of intolerance of ambiguity.
....* Undoing- Erasing an unacceptable event in the past by adopting acceptable behavior in the present (superstitious behavior).
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| Somatization ? | * Somatization- Turning an unacceptable impulse or feeling into a physical symptom.
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| Erik Eriksons Theory ? | * Stage Theory of Identity
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| 1st year of life ? | *Trust vs. Mistrust
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| 2nd year ? | *Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
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| 3 - 5 years of life ? | *Initiative vs. Guilt
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| 6 yr to puberty ? | *Industry vs. Inferiority
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| Adolescense ? | *Identity vs. Role Confusion
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| Early Adulthood ? | *Intimacy vs. Isolation
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| Middle Age ? | *Generativity vs. Stagnation
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| Aging Years ? | *Ego Integrity vs. Despair
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| Jean Piagets Theory ? | *Developmental Stage Theory
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| Birth to 18 months ? | *Sensorimotor Period - coordination of sensory input to motor responses
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| 18 months to 7 years ? | * early thought development stage - kid got shot after Dr used an otoscope, so now thinks a shot always follows an otoscope exam
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| 7 years to Adolescence ? | *Concrete Operational Period -
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| Adolescence to Adults ? | *Formal Operational Period - ideas and logical thinking
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| Learning from the environment ? | * Nonassociative Learning
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| Types of Nonassociative Learning ? | * Habituation: decline in to the repeated presentation of a stimulus. In vivo desensitization
....* Sensitization: augmentation of a response because of repeated stimuli
....* Imitative Learning (Modeling): Imitative or observational learning
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| Associative Learning ? | *Classical Conditioning
.... *Operant Conditioning
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| Concept of Extinction ? | * After awhile, the association will diminish if it is not reinforced....Ex. The dog salivating over the bell bc he associated it with meat. After a while, if no meat is given, the dog will stop salivating after hearing the bell after a while
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| Resistance to Extinction ? | * Some associations are more resistant to extinction than others - like someone not being able to drink a certain drink bc they got too sick off of it once
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| Operant Conditioning Reinforcement Schedules ? | Reinforcement is presented after :....*Fixed ratio: a certain # of behaviors
....*Fixed interval: a certain amount of time
....*Variable ratio: a variable # of behaviors
....* Variable interval: a variable amount of time
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| Hardest Reinforcement schedules to break/ leads to gambling issues ? | * Variable Ratio
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| Genetics in Behavior: Concordance Rates ? | * compare similarity for a trait between a person who has the trait and another person of some determined relationship to the “proband”......monozygotic twins show higher rates of similarity
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| Temperament: Behavioral Style 9 parts ? | * Activity level
, Rhythmicity
, Tendency to approach vs. Withdrew from new situations
, Adaptability
, Responsiveness
, Intensity
, Quality of mood
, Distractibility
, Attention Span
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| 3 Attachment Styles ? | Secure Child , Insecure Avoidant, Insecure Ambivalent
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| Secure Child ? | * references parent and seeks proximity when stranger enters, may be upset upon parental departure, seeks parent upon return
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| Insecure Avoidant Child ? | * does not reference parent or seek proximity when stranger enters, not upset at separation, no response to parental return
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| Insecure Ambivalent Child ? | * references parent and seeks proximity when stranger enters, upset upon parental departure, difficult to console upon return
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