Ch. 7 Penicillins
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| are penicillins bacteriocidal or bacteriostatic? | bactericidal. They are only active against acively growing organisms.
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| Describe how penicillins work. | they interfere with the last step of cell wall synthesisis in three ways.
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| describe the three ways penicillins interfere with cell wall synthesis | bind to BPB (naturally occur in periplasmic membrane), inhibit transpeptidase, induce autolysins
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| what are the naturally occuring (first generation) penicillins? | penicillin G and V
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| what are the second generation penicillins also known as? | beta lactamase penicillins. they are good for bacteria that have developed resistance through posession of the enzyme beta lactamase (which lyses the beta lactam ring of penicillin).
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| beta lactamase is also known as what? | penicillinase
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| list the second generatin penicillins | methicillin, dicloxacillin, oxacillin, afcillin, cloxacillin, nafcillin, flucloxacillin
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| what are the third generation penicillins also known as? what do they target? | broad spectrum penicillins, they target gram negatives AND gram positives
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| third generation penicillins are often mixed with what to work against many bacteria? name some third generation penicillins | they are mixed with beta lactamase inhibitors such as clavulanic acid or sulbactam. examples are ampicillin, amoxacillin
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| extended spectrum penicillins are also termed what? | antipseudomonal penicillins, because they part particularly well suited to target infections with pseudomonas Aeruginosa
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| list the extended spectrum penicillins | carbenicillin, pipercillin, ticarcillin. they enter the bacteria through pores
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| why don't all penicillins affect gram negatives? | gram negatives will not allow penicillins to enter themselves, but some have pores through which penicillins can enter
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| why do some bacteria have beta lactamases and others of the same species do not? | because beta lactamase is only produced in bacteria that have the gene for it. They can get this gene by acquiring a plasmid that contains the gene from another bacteria
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| list some side effects of penicillins | anaphylactic shock, seizures, angioedema, maculopapular rash, diarrhea
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| how are all penicillins except nafcillin excreted? | renally
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| how is nafcillin excreted? | biliary route
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| patients allergic to penicillin are typically given what? | erythromycin (A macrolide, which is a protein synthesis inhibitor)
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