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Bone Targets

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
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Hint
Answer
   
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Examples of long bones   All bones in the arms and legs except for the carpal (wrist) and tarsal (ankle) bones.  
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Short bones are shaped like   cubes.  
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Examples of short bones   wrist bones and ankle bones.  
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Flat bones are   platelike structures.  
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Examples of flat bones   some skull bones, ribs, and scapulae.  
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Irregular bones have   a variety of shapes.  
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Examples of irregular bones   vertebrae and some facial bones.  
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Round bones are also called   sesamoid bones.  
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Sesamoid bones are   small and nodular and embedded in tendons.  
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An example of a sesamoid bone   the patella.  
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An expanded end of a long bone is   an epiphysis.  
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An epiphysis articulates   with another bone.  
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Articular cartilage is located   on an epiphysis.  
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The shaft of a long bone is called   a diaphysis.  
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Periosteum is a   tough, vascular, fibrous membrane covering the diaphysis of a bone.  
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Periosteum functions to   form and repair bone tissue.  
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Processes provide   sites for attachments of tendons or ligaments.  
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The wall of the diaphysis is composed of   compact bone.  
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Compact bone has   a continuous matrix with no gaps.  
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The epiphyses are largely composed of   spongy bone bone.  
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Spongy bone consists of bony plates called   trabeculae.  
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A bone usually has both compact bone and spongy bone.   (blank)  
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A canal called the ---------------- runs through the diaphysis.   medullary cavity  
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Endosteum   lines the medullary cavity and spaces of spongy bone.  
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Endosteum contains   bone-forming cells.  
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The tissue that fills the spaces of bone is called   marrow.  
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The two forms of marrow are   red and yellow.  
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Bone cells are called   osteocytes.  
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Lacunae are   tiny, chambers that contain osteocytes.  
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Lacunae form   concentric canals around central canals.  
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Osteoctyes function to   transport nutrients and wastes to and from nearby cells.  
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Cellular processes of osteocytes pass   through canaliculi.  
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The intercellular matrix of bone is composed of   collagen and inorganic salts  
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An osteon is a   cylinder-shaped unit of compact bone.  
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The substance of compact bone is formed from   many osteons cemented together.  
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Each central canal contains   blood vessels and nerves.  
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Perforating canals connect   osteons.  
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Perforating canals contain   larger blood vessels and nerves.  
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Spongy bone is also composed of   osteocytes and intercellular material.  
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Unlike compact bone, spongy bone cells do not   aggregate around central canals.  
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Spongy bone cells lie   within trabeculae.  
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Osteocytes get nutrients from   substances diffusing into canaliculi that lead to the surface of trabeculae.  
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Parts of the skeleton begin to form   during the first few weeks of prenatal development.  
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Bony structures continue to grow until   adulthood.  
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Bones form by   replacing existing connective tissues.  
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Intramembranous bones originate   within sheetlike layers of connective tissue.  
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Endochondral bones originate   within cartilage.  
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Examples of intramembranous bones are   flat bones of the skull.  
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Osteogenesis is   bone development.  
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During their development, membranelike layers of primitive connective tissue appear   at the sites of their future bones.  
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Osteoblasts are   bone-forming cells.  
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Osteoblasts deposit   bony matrix around themselves.  
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Spongy bone can become   compact bone as spaces fill with bone matrix.  
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As development continues, osteoblasts may   become surrounded by matrix.  
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Matrix surrounding the processes of osteoblasts gives rise to   canaliculi.  
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Once isolated, osteoblasts become   osteocytes.  
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Periosteum comes from   cells of the primitive connective tissue that persist outside of the developing bone.  
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Compact bone is formed by   osteoblasts on the inside of periosteum.  
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Intramembranous ossification is   the process of replacing connective tissue to form an intramembranous bone.  
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Most of the bones of the skeleton are   endochondral bones.  
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Endochondral bones develop as   masses of hyaline cartilage.  
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As hyaline cartilage decomposes, a_______ forms from connective tissue that encircles the developing structure.   periosteum  
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Blood vessels and undifferentiated connective tissue cells   invade the disintegrating tissue.  
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(during endochondral bone dev.) Some of the cells differentiate into   osteoblasts.  
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Osteoblasts form   spongy bone in the spaces previously housed by cartilage.  
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Endochondral ossification   is the process of forming an endochondral bone by the replacement of hyaline cartilage.  
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The primary ossification center is   an area in the diaphysis of a long bone in which the bony tissues begin to replace hyaline cartilage.  
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Secondary ossification centers appear in   epiphyses.  
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The epiphyseal plate is   a band of cartilage between the primary and secondary ossification centers.  
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In a long bone, the diaphysis is separated from the epiphysis by   an epiphyseal plate.  
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The cartilaginous cells of the epiphyseal plate occur in ----- layers.   four  
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The first layer of the epiphyseal plate is composed of   resting cells that do not actively participate in growth.  
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anchors the epiphyseal plate to the bony tissue of the epiphysis.   The first layer of the epiphyseal plate  
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The second layer of the epiphyseal plate contains   rows of many young cells undergoing mitosis.  
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As new cells appear, the cartilaginous plate   thickens.  
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The third layer of the epiphysealplate is formed by   older cells that are left behind as new cells appear.  
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The cells of the third layer of the epiphyseal plate   enlarge and thicken the epiphyseal plate.  
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The fourth layer of the epiphyseal plate is composed of   dead cells and calcified intercellular substance.  
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break down calcified matrix of bone.   Osteoclasts  
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originate from monocytes.   Osteoclasts  
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Osteoclasts secrete acids that   dissolve the inorganic component of the calcified matrix  
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lysosomal enzymes from osteoclasts   digest the organic components.  
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phagocytize components of the bony matrix.   Osteoclasts  
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deposit bone tissue in place of calcified matrix.   osteoblasts  
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A long bone continues to lengthen while   the cartilaginous cells of the epiphyseal plates are active.  
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Lengthening of the bone is no longer possible   once the ossification centers of the diaphysis and epiphysis meet and the epiphyseal plates ossify.  
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The medullary cavity forms when   osteoclasts erode bone tissue in the diaphysis.  
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The bone in the central regions of the epiphyses and diaphysis remains   spongy.  
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About x% of bone calcium is exchanged each year.   3% to 5  
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Factors that affect bone development, growth and repair include   nutrition, exposure to sunlight, hormonal secretions, and physical exercise.  
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Vitamin D is necessary for   calcium absorption.  
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Lack of vitamin D can lead to the diseases   rickets and osteomalacia.  
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Vitamin A is necessary for   osteoblast and osteoclast activity during normal development.  
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Vitamin C is required for   collagen synthesis.  
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Growth hormone stimulates   division of cartilage cells in epiphyseal plates.  
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In children, the absence of growth hormone leads to   pituitary dwarfism.  
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An excess of growth hormone before the epiphyseal plates ossify leads to   pituitary gigantism.  
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In adults, an excess of growth hormone leads to   acromegaly.  
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Thyroid hormone can halt bone growth by causing premature ossification of the epiphyseal plates.   (blank)  
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Deficiency of thyroid hormone may   stunt growth.  
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Parathyroid hormone stimulates   an increase in the number and activity of osteoclasts.  
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male sex hormones.   Androgens  
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Androgens promote   formation of bone tissue.  
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Sex hormones also stimulate   ossification of the epiphyseal plates.  
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Females typically reach their maximum heights earlier than males because   the effects of estrogen on the epiphyseal plates are stronger than androgens.  
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Physical stress ---------- bone growth.   stimulates  
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Bones give shape to structures such as   the head, face, thorax, and limbs.  
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The bones of lower limbs, pelvis, and vertebral column support   the body’s weight.  
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The bones of the skull protect   the eyes, ears, and brain.  
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The bones of the thorax protect the   heart and lungs.  
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Bones of the pelvic girdle protect   lower abdominal and internal reproductive organs.  
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Bones and muscles interact as   levers.  
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The four basic components of a lever system are   rigid bar, fulcrum, object that is moved against resistance, and a force.  
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In scissors, the handle and blades form   a rigid bar.  
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The pivot of scissors is   the screw.  
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The resistance of scissors is   the material to be cut.  
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The force of scissors is supplied by   the person on the handles.  
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In a first-class lever system, the parts are arranged   resistance, fulcrum, force.  
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Besides scissors, other examples of first class lever systems are   seesaws and hemostats.  
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In a second-class lever system, the parts are arranged   fulcrum, resistance, force.  
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An example of a second-class lever system is   a wheelbarrow.  
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In a third class lever system, the parts are arranged   resistance, force, and fulcrum.  
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An example of a third-class lever system is   a pair of tweezers.  
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Explain the lever ib the action of bending the upper limb at the elbow   the rigid bar is the forearm bones, the pivot is the elbow joint, the resistance is the hand, and the force is applied by muscles on the anterior side of the arm.  
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Bending the arm at the elbow is an example of   a third-class lever system.  
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Explain the lever when the upper limb straightens at the elbow,   the rigid bar is forearm bones, the pivot is the elbow, the resistance is the hand, and the force is applied by the triceps muscle located on the posterior surface of the arm.  
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Straightening the arm at the elbow is a _________ lever system   first class  
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An example of a second-class lever system in the body is   the temporomandibular joint (opening of the mouth)  
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Hematopoiesis is   blood cell formation.  
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Blood cell formation begins in   the yolk sac.  
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Later in development, blood cells are made in   the liver, the spleen, and red bone marrow.  
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a soft, netlike mass of connective tissue   Marrow  
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Marrow is found   within the medullary cavities of long bones, in the irregular spaces of spongy bone, and in the larger central canals of compact bone tissue.  
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Red marrow functions in   the formation of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.  
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occupies the cavities of most bones in an infant.   Red marrow  
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With increasing age, yellow marrow replaces   red marrow.  
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Yellow marrow stores   fat.  
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In an adult, red marrow is primarily found in   the spongy bone of the skull, ribs, sternum, clavicles, vertebrae, and pelvis.  
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Intercellular matrix of bone tissue contains   collagen and inorganic mineral salts.  
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account for about 70% of bone by weight.   The salts  
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tiny crystals of calcium phosphate.   Hydroxyapatites  
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The body requires calcium for   many metabolic processes including blood clot formation, nerve impulse conduction, and muscle cell contraction.  
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When blood calcium is low,   parathyroid hormone stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone tissue to release calcium salts.  
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Very high blood calcium levels inhibit   osteoclast activity.  
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Calcitonin stimulates   osteoblasts to form bones.  
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Bone tissue contains lesser amounts of   magnesium, sodium, potassium and carbonate ions.  
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The number of bones in a human skeleton is around   206  
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Flat bones of the skull are joined by tightly   joined sutures.  
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Two major portions of the skeleton are   axial and appendicular.  
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The axial skeleton contains   skull bones, middle ear bones, the hyoid bone, vertebral column bones, and thoracic cage bones.  
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The skull is composed of   8 cranial bones and 14 facial bones.  
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The hyoid bone supports the   muscles of the tongue.  
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The hyoid bone is located   in the neck between the lower jaw and the larynx.  
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The vertebral column consists of   vertebrae, a sacrum, and coccyx.  
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The distal end of the column is formed by   the sacrum and the coccyx.  
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The coccyx is also called   the tailbone.  
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The thoracic cage is composed of   24 ribs and the sternum.  
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The appendicular skeleton consists of   bones of the pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs.  
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The pectoral girdle is formed by   scapulae and clavicles.  
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The pectoral girdle connects the bones of   the upper limb to the axial skeleton.  
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The pectoral girdle aids in   upper limb movements.  
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Each upper limb consists of   a humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges.  
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The humerus, radius, and ulna articulate at   the elbow.  
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The wrist bones are called   carpals.  
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The bones of the palm are called   metacarpals.  
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Bones in the fingers are called   phalanges.  
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The pelvic girdle is formed by   coxal bones.  
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The pelvic girdle connects   the bones of the lower limbs to the axial skeleton.  
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form the pelvis.   The pelvic girdle, sacrum, and coccyx  
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Each lower limb consists of   a femur, tibia, fibula, patella, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges.  
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The femur and tibia articulate with each other at   the knee.  
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The kneecap is called   the patella.  
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The anklebones are   tarsals.  
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The bones of the instep of the foot are called   metatarsals.  
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Bones of the toes are called   phalanges.  
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A human skull usually consists of   28 bones.  
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The moveable bone in the skull is the   mandible.  
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Some cranial and skull bones together form the   orbit of the eye.  
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The cranium encloses and protects   the brain.  
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The surface of the cranium provides attachments for   muscles that make chewing and movements of the head possible.  
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air-filled cavities in cranial bones.   Sinuses  
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Sinuses serve to   reduce the weight of the skull and increase the intensity of the voice by serving as resonant sound chambers.  
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The eight bones of the cranium   are 1 frontal bone, 2 parietal bones, 1 occipital bone, 2 temporal bones, 1 sphenoid bone and 1 ethmoid bone.  
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The frontal bone forms   the anterior portion of the skull above the eyes, the roof of the nasal cavity and the roofs of the orbits.  
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on the upper margin of each orbit and allows blood vessels and nerves to pass to tissues of the head.   The supraorbital foramen  
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The sinuses of the frontal bone are called   frontal sinuses.  
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The two halves of the frontal bone fuse together by   the fifth of sixth year of life.  
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One parietal bone is located on   each side of the skull behind the frontal bone.  
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Together the parietal bones form the   sides and roof of the cranium.  
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The sagittal suture fuses   the parietal bones.  
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The coronal suture fuses   the parietal bones to coronal bones.  
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The occipital bone joins the parietal bones along the   lambdoidal suture.  
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The occipital bone forms   the back of the skull and the base of the cranium.  
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a large opening in the occipital bone through which the brain and spinal cord join.   The foramen magnum  
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Occipital condyles are located   on each side of the foramen magnum.  
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Occipital condyles articulate with   the first cervical vertebra.  
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A temporal bone on each side of the skull joins the parietal bone along   a squamosal suture.  
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The temporal bones form   parts of the sides and the base of the cranium.  
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The opening leading inward to parts of the ear is called   the external auditory meatus.  
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Mandibular fossae articulate with   condyles of the mandibles.  
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The mastoid process is a site of   attachment for certain muscles of the neck.  
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The styloid process is a site of   attachment for muscles of the tongue and pharynx.  
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The carotid canal is near the   mastoid process  
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The carotid canal transmits   the internal carotid artery.  
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opening between the temporal and occipital bones and accommodates the internal jugular vein.   The jugular foramen  
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The zygomatic process projects anteriorly from   the temporal bone  
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The sphenoid bone helps form   the anterior portion of the cranium.  
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an indention in the middle of the sphenoid bone and holds the pituitary gland.   The sella turcica  
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The sinuses of the sphenoid bone are called   sphenoidal sinuses.  
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The ethmoid bone is located   in front of the sphenoid bone.  
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The ethmoid bone consists of two masses joined by   cribiform plates.  
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The cribiform plates form   the roof of the nasal cavity.  
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Nerves associated with smell pass through   olfactory foramina.  
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Portions of the ethmoid bone also form section of   the cranial floor, orbital walls, and nasal cavity walls.  
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A perpendicular plate projects downward from the cribiform plates to form   most of the nasal septum.  
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Scroll-shaped plates called superior and middle nasal conchae project inward from   the lateral portions of the ethmoid bone.  
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The lateral portions of the ethmoid bone contain many small air spaces called   ethmoidal sinuses.  
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triangular process that projects upward and is located between cribiform plates.   The crista galli  
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The crista galli is attached to   membranes that enclose the brain.  
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The facial skeleton consists of   13 immovable bones and a movable lower jaw bone.  
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The facial bones provide sites of attachment for   muscles that move the jaw and control facial expression.  
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The maxillary bones form the   upper jaw.  
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Portions of the maxillary bones also comprise   the anterior roof of the mouth, the floors of the orbits, and sides and floor of the nasal cavity.  
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The maxillary bones also contain   sockets for the upper teeth.  
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Inside the maxillae, lateral to the nasal cavity are   maxillary sinuses.  
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The maxillary sinuses extend from the   floor of the orbits to the roots of the upper teeth.  
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The portions of the maxillary bones that grow together and form the anterior section of the hard palate.   called palatine processes  
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The alveolar arch is a horseshoe shaped collection of   alveolar processes.  
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The palatine bones are---- shaped.   L  
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The palatine bones are located   behind the maxillae.  
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The horizontal portions of the palatine bones form the   posterior section of the hard palate and the floor of the nasal cavity.  
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The perpendicular portions of the palatine bones help form the   lateral walls of the nasal cavity.  
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Zygomatic bones are responsible for the   prominences of the cheeks below and to the sides of the eyes.  
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Each zygomatic bone has a temporal process that extends posteriorly to join   the temporal bone.  
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The zygomatic arch is formed by the   zygomatic process of the temporal bone and the temporal process of the zygomatic bone.  
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Lacrimal bones are located   in the medial wall of each orbit.  
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The nasal bones form the   bridge of the nose.  
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The nasal bones are attachments for   the cartilaginous tissues that form the shape of the nose.  
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The vomer is located   along the midline within the nasal cavity.  
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Posteriorly the vomer joins   the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone.  
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The nasal septum is formed from   the vomer and perpendicular plate of the ethmoid.  
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The inferior nasal conchae are attached to the   lateral walls of the nasal cavity.  
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Like the ethmoidal conchae, the inferior conchae support   mucous membranes within the nasal cavity.  
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The mandible is shaped like   a horseshoe.  
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The flat projections at the ends of a mandible are   rami.  
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The rami are divided into   a mandiblar condyle and a coronoid process.  
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The mandibular condyles articulate with   the temporal bones.  
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The coronoid processes provide attachment sites for   muscles used in chewing.  
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The alveolar border is   a curved bar of bone on the superior border of the mandible and it contains the sockets of the lower teeth.  
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Mandibular foramens are located   near the center of each ramus.  
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Blood vessels and nerves run through   mandibular foramens.  
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The mental foramen is   an opening near the point of the jaw.  
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At birth, the skull is connected with   fibrous membranes.  
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membranous areas of an infantile skull.   Fontanels  
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The verterbral column extends from   the skull to the pelvis  
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The verterbral column forms   the vertical axis of the skeleton.  
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The vertebral column is composed of   vertebrae that are separated by intervertebral discs.  
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The vertebral column supports   the head and the trunk of the body.  
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The vertebral column protects   the spinal cord.  
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The spinal cord passes through   a vertebral canal.  
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An infant has ___ separate bones in the vertebral column   33  
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An adult vertebral column has ---bones.   26  
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The sacrum is formed by   five fused vertebrae.  
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The coccyx is formed by   four fused vertebrae.  
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The four curvatures of the vertebral column are   thoracic, pelvic, cervical, and lumbar.  
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The cervical curvature develops when   a baby begins to hold up its head.  
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The lumbar curvature develops when   a child begins to stand.  
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The body of a vertebra forms   the thick, anterior portion of the bone.  
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The intervertebral discs are fastened to   the upper and lower surfaces of the vertebral bodies.  
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The discs function to   cushion and soften the forces caused by walking and jumping movements.  
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join the bodies of adjacent vertebrae on their anterior surfaces.   Anterior longitudinal ligaments  
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join the bodies of adjacent vertebrae on their posterior surfaces.   Posterior longitudinal ligaments  
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two short stalks that project posteriorly from each vertebral body.   Pedicles  
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two plates that arise from the pedicles and fuse in the back to become spinous processes.   Laminae  
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A vertebral arch is formed by   the pedicles, laminae, and spinous processes.  
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Spinous processes are structures formed by   the fusion of two laminae.  
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A transverse process projects   laterally and posteriorly.  
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project upward and downward from each vertebral arch.   Superior and inferior articulating processes  
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provide passageways for spinal nerves.   Intervertebral foramina  
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There are ___ cervical vertebrae.   7  
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The transverse processes of cervical vertebrae are distinctive because   they have transverse foramina.  
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The spinous processes of the second through the sixth cervical vertebrae are   bifid.  
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the spinous process of the 7th cervical vertebra.   The vertebra prominens is  
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1st cervical vertebra.   The atlas is the  
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The atlas supports   the head.  
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The facets of the atlas articulate with   occipital condyles.  
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the second cervical vertebra.   The axis  
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a process that projects upward and lies in the ring of the atlas.   The dens is  
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As the head is turned from side to side, the atlas pivots around   the dens.  
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There are _----thoracic vertebrae.   12  
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The facets of thoracic vertebrae articulate with   ribs.  
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The bodies of thoracic vertebrae are adapted to bear   increasing loads of body weight.  
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There are ________ lumbar vertebrae and they are located   5, in the small of the back.  
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The bodies of lumbar vertebrae are ________than the superior vertebrae.   larger and stronger  
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The transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae project   posteriorly  
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processes of lumbar are thick, short, and nearly horizontal   the spinous.  
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The sacrum is _________in shape   triangular  
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ridge of tubercles where the spinous process of sacral vertebrae fused together.   The median sacral crest  
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rows of openings located to the sides of the tubercles.   Dorsal sacral foramina  
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The sacrum is wedged between   the caxae  
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The sacrum is united to the caxae at its   articular surfaces.  
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The sacrum forms   the posterior wall of the pelvis  
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The sacral promontory forms the   upper anterior margin of the sacrum.  
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In the sacrum , these provide passageways for nerves and blood vessels.   anterior sacral foramina  
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the lowest part of vertebral column.   The coccyx  
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Sitting presses on the   coccyx, and it moves forward, acting like a shock absorber.  
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The thoracic cage includes   the ribs, thoracic vertebrae, the sternum, and the costal cartilages that attach the ribs to the sternum.  
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The thoracic cage supports the   shoulder girdle and upper limb and protects the viscera in the thoracic and upper abdominal cavities.  
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The usual number of ribs is   24  
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The true ribs are the first _____pairs of ribs.   7  
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The false ribs are the last   five pairs of ribs.  
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Floating ribs are the   last two pairs of false ribs.  
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an enlarged portion of a rib at its posterior end.   The head of a rib is  
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The head of a rib articulates with   a facet on the body of its own vertebra and with the body of the next higher vertebra.  
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A tubercle of a rib articulates with   the transverse process of the vertebra.  
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Costal cartilages are composed of   hyaline cartilage.  
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Costal cartilages are attached to   the anterior ends of a rib.  
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The sternum is located   along the midline in the anterior portion of the thoracic cage.  
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The three parts of the sternum are   manubrium, body, and xiphoid process.  
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The xiphoid process projects   downward.  
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The manubrium articulates with   clavicles.  
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The manubrium and body articulate with   ribs.  
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The four parts of the pectoral girdle are   two clavicles and two scapulae.  
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The pectoral girdle supports   the upper limbs and is an attachment for several muscles that move the arm.  
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A clavicle has _________shape   an S.  
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Clavicles run   between the sternum and the shoulders.  
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The medial ends of the clavicles articulate with   the manubrium.  
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The lateral ends of the clavicles articulate with   the scapulae.  
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The clavicles brace   the freely movable scapulae  
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The clavicle are attachment sites for   muscles of the upper limbs, chest and back.  
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The scapulae are shaped like   triangles.  
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The spine of a scapula divides it into a   supraspinous process and infraspinous process.  
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The acromion process forms the   tip of the shoulder.  
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The coracoid process curves   anteriorly and inferiorly to the clavicle.  
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The acromion process articulates with   the clavicle.  
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a depression on the head of a scapula.   The glenoid cavity is  
🗑
The glenoid cavity articulates with   the head of the humerus.  
🗑
The three borders of the scapulae are   superior, lateral, and medial.  
🗑
The bones of the upper limb form the framework for   the arm, forearm, wrist and hand.  
🗑
The bones of the upper limbs are   humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges.  
🗑
The humerus extends from the   scapula to the elbow.  
🗑
The head of the humerus fits into the   glenoid cavity.  
🗑
Two processes just below the head of the humerous are a   greater tubercle and lesser tubercle.  
🗑
The deltoid tuberosity is an   attachment site for the deltoid muscle.  
🗑
Two condyles at the lower end of the humerus are the   capitulum and trochlear.  
🗑
The capitulum articulates with   radius.  
🗑
The trochlea articulates with   the ulna.  
🗑
Epicondyles are located   above the condyles and provide attachments for muscles and ligaments of the elbow.  
🗑
The radius is located on the ------ of the forearm   thumb side  
🗑
The radius crosses over the ulna when   the hand is turned so that the palm faces backward.  
🗑
The head of the radius articulates with   the capitulum of the humerus.  
🗑
an attachment site for the biceps brachii.   The radial tuberosity  
🗑
The styloid process is located   at the distal end of the radius on its lateral side.  
🗑
The trochlear notch of the ulna is a   wrenchlike opening at the proximal end of the ulna.  
🗑
The trochlear notch articulates with   the trochlea of the humerus.  
🗑
The olecranon process is located above the trochlear notch.   (blank)  
🗑
The head of the ulna articulates laterally with   a notch of the radius  
🗑
The head of the ulna articulates inferiorly with   a disc of fibrocartilage .  
🗑
The styloid process of the ulna is located   at the distal end of the ulna on its medial side.  
🗑
The bones of the wrist are called   carpals.  
🗑
the 8 carpals   scaphoid, capitate, trapezoid, trapezium, lunate, hamate, triquetrum, and pisiform.  
🗑
The metacarpals form   the framework of the palm.  
🗑
The distal ends of metacarpals form   the knuckles of a clenched fist.  
🗑
Proximally, the metacarpals articulate with   carpals.  
🗑
Distally, the metacarpals articulate with   phalanges.  
🗑
The metacarpal of the thumb is numbered   1  
🗑
The pelvic girdle consists of two coxae that articulate   with each other anteriorly and with the sacrum posteriorly.  
🗑
The pelvis is formed by the   sacrum, coccyx, and pelvic girdle.  
🗑
The pelvic girdle supports the   trunk of the body.  
🗑
The pelvic girdle provides attachments for   the lower limbs  
🗑
The pelvic girdle protects t   he urinary bladder, the distal end of the large intestine, and the internal reproductive organs.  
🗑
The body’s weight is transmitted   through the pelvic girdle to the lower limbs and then onto the ground.  
🗑
A coxa is also called   a hipbone.  
🗑
Each coxa develops from the following three parts:   an ilium, an ischium, and a pubis.  
🗑
The acetabulum is cup-shaped cavity of a   coxal bone.  
🗑
The acetabulum receives the   head of the femur.  
🗑
The largest and most superior portion of the coxa.   The ilium  
🗑
forms the prominence of the hip.   The ilium  
🗑
the margin of the prominence of the hip.   The iliac crest  
🗑
the smooth, concave surface on the anterior aspect of the ilium.   The iliac fossa  
🗑
Posteriorly the Iilum joins the sacrum at the   sacroiliac joint.  
🗑
The anterior superior iliac spine can be felt   lateral to the groin.  
🗑
and is an important surgical landmark.   (blank)  
🗑
On the posterior border of the ilium   a posterior superior iliac spine.  
🗑
a deep indentation below the posterior superior iliac spine though which nerves and blood vessels pass.   greater sciatic notch,  
🗑
The lowest portion of the coxa   the ischium.  
🗑
The ischial tuberosity points   posteriorly and downward.  
🗑
The ischial tuberosity supports   the body during sitting.  
🗑
The ischial spine is a sharp projection above   the ischial tuberosity.  
🗑
The distance between the ischial spines is   shortest diameter of the pelvic outlet.  
🗑
The pubis constitutes the   anterior portion of the coxa.  
🗑
The symphysis pubis is where   the two pubis bones join together.  
🗑
the angle the pubis bones form below the symphysis.   The pubic arch  
🗑
the largest foramen of the skeleton.   The obturator foramen  
🗑
The obturator foramen is located   between the three parts of a coxal bone.  
🗑
The pelvic brim separates   the true pelvis from the false pelvis.  
🗑
The greater pelvis is bounded posteriorly by   the lumbar vertebrae,  
🗑
The greater pelvis is bounded laterally by   the flared parts of the iliac bones,  
🗑
The greater pelvis is bounded anteriorly by   the abdominal wall.  
🗑
The false pelvis supports   abdominal organs.  
🗑
The lesser pelvis is bounded posteriorly by   sacrum and coccyx  
🗑
The lesser pelvis is bounded   laterally and anteriorly by lower ilium, ischium, and pubis bones.  
🗑
The bones of the female pelvis are lighter and show less evidence of muscle attachments.   (blank)  
🗑
The bones of the lower limb form   framework of the thigh, leg, ankle, and foot.  
🗑
The bones of the lower limb are   femur, tibia, fibula, patella, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges.  
🗑
extends from the hip to the knee   The femur .  
🗑
The head of the femur projects medially into the acetabulum.   (blank)  
🗑
The fovea capitis is a pit that marks   the attachment of a ligament.  
🗑
The neck of the femur is   a constriction just below the head.  
🗑
Two large processes below the neck of the femur   the greater and lesser trochanters.  
🗑
a longitudinal crest on the posterior surface of the femur.   The linea aspera  
🗑
The lateral and medial condyles articulate with   the tibia.  
🗑
The patella articulates with   the femur on its distal anterior surface.  
🗑
The medial and lateral epicondyles provide   attachments for muscles and ligaments.  
🗑
a sesamoid bone located in a tendon that passes anteriorly over the knee.   The patella  
🗑
controls the angle at which this tendon continues toward the tibia.   The patella  
🗑
The shinbone is the   tibia.  
🗑
The tibia is located on the --- side.   medial  
🗑
The medial and lateral condyles of the tibia articulate with   the condyles of the femur.  
🗑
located below the condyles of the tibia.   The tibial tuberosity  
🗑
The tibial tuberosity provides an attachment for the patellar ligament.   (blank)  
🗑
is a prominence that extends downward from the tibial tuberosity and attaches connective tissues in the leg.   The anterior crest of the tibia  
🗑
a prominence at the distal end of the tibia.   The medial malleolus  
🗑
On the tibia’s lateral side is a depression that articulates with the   fibula.  
🗑
The inferior surface of the tibia’s distal end articulates with   the talus.  
🗑
on the lateral side of the tibia.   The fibula  
🗑
The head of the fibula articulates with   the tibia.  
🗑
The lateral malleolus articulates with the ankle.   (blank)  
🗑
The ankle and foot consist of a   tarsus, a metatarsus, and phalanges.  
🗑
The tarsus is composed of   seven tarsal bones.  
🗑
The talus articulates with the   tibia and fibula and can move freely at the ankle.  
🗑
The seven tarsal bones are   the calcaneous, the talus, the navicular, the cuboid, and the lateral, medial, and intermediate cuneiform bones.  
🗑
The largest talus is the   calcaneous.  
🗑
The calcaneous helps support   the weight of the body.  
🗑
The metatarsus consists of   five elongated bones.  
🗑
The heads at the distal ends of the metatarsals form   the ball of the foot.  
🗑
The arch of the foot is formed by   the arrangements of the tarsals and metatarsals.  
🗑
The bones of the toes are called   phalanges.  
🗑
Each toes has 3 phalanges except the great toe because it lacks the middle phalynx.   (blank)  
🗑
An incremental decrease in height begins at about age   30  
🗑
may contribute to loss of height.   Compression fractures of the vertebrae  
🗑
As calcium levels fall, bones become   brittle and prone to fracture.  
🗑
adults start to lose bone mass.By age   35  
🗑
xxx bone shows signs of aging first.   Trabecular  
🗑
Compact bone loss begins around the age of   40  
🗑
In the first decade following menopause, women lose   15 to 20% of trabecular bone and 10 to 15% of compact bone .  
🗑
The most common fractures in the elderly are   vertebral compression fractures, hip fractures, wrist fractures, leg fractures, and pelvis fractures.  
🗑
Preserving skeletal health may involve   avoiding falls, taking calcium supplements, getting enough vitamin D, avoiding carbonated beverages, and getting regular exercise.  
🗑


   

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