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Bones A&P1 a

Bone Targets

Hint	Answer

Examples of long bones	All bones in the arms and legs except for the carpal (wrist) and tarsal (ankle) bones.
Short bones are shaped like	cubes.
Examples of short bones	wrist bones and ankle bones.
Flat bones are	platelike structures.
Examples of flat bones	some skull bones, ribs, and scapulae.
Irregular bones have	a variety of shapes.
Examples of irregular bones	vertebrae and some facial bones.
Round bones are also called	sesamoid bones.
Sesamoid bones are	small and nodular and embedded in tendons.
An example of a sesamoid bone	the patella.
An expanded end of a long bone is	an epiphysis.
An epiphysis articulates	with another bone.
Articular cartilage is located	on an epiphysis.
The shaft of a long bone is called	a diaphysis.
Periosteum is a	tough, vascular, fibrous membrane covering the diaphysis of a bone.
Periosteum functions to	form and repair bone tissue.
Processes provide	sites for attachments of tendons or ligaments.
The wall of the diaphysis is composed of	compact bone.
Compact bone has	a continuous matrix with no gaps.
The epiphyses are largely composed of	spongy bone bone.
Spongy bone consists of bony plates called	trabeculae.
A bone usually has both compact bone and spongy bone.	(blank)
A canal called the ---------------- runs through the diaphysis.	medullary cavity
Endosteum	lines the medullary cavity and spaces of spongy bone.
Endosteum contains	bone-forming cells.
The tissue that fills the spaces of bone is called	marrow.
The two forms of marrow are	red and yellow.
Bone cells are called	osteocytes.
Lacunae are	tiny, chambers that contain osteocytes.
Lacunae form	concentric canals around central canals.
Osteoctyes function to	transport nutrients and wastes to and from nearby cells.
Cellular processes of osteocytes pass	through canaliculi.
The intercellular matrix of bone is composed of	collagen and inorganic salts
An osteon is a	cylinder-shaped unit of compact bone.
The substance of compact bone is formed from	many osteons cemented together.
Each central canal contains	blood vessels and nerves.
Perforating canals connect	osteons.
Perforating canals contain	larger blood vessels and nerves.
Spongy bone is also composed of	osteocytes and intercellular material.
Unlike compact bone, spongy bone cells do not	aggregate around central canals.
Spongy bone cells lie	within trabeculae.
Osteocytes get nutrients from	substances diffusing into canaliculi that lead to the surface of trabeculae.
Parts of the skeleton begin to form	during the first few weeks of prenatal development.
Bony structures continue to grow until	adulthood.
Bones form by	replacing existing connective tissues.
Intramembranous bones originate	within sheetlike layers of connective tissue.
Endochondral bones originate	within cartilage.
Examples of intramembranous bones are	flat bones of the skull.
Osteogenesis is	bone development.
During their development, membranelike layers of primitive connective tissue appear	at the sites of their future bones.
Osteoblasts are	bone-forming cells.
Osteoblasts deposit	bony matrix around themselves.
Spongy bone can become	compact bone as spaces fill with bone matrix.
As development continues, osteoblasts may	become surrounded by matrix.
Matrix surrounding the processes of osteoblasts gives rise to	canaliculi.
Once isolated, osteoblasts become	osteocytes.
Periosteum comes from	cells of the primitive connective tissue that persist outside of the developing bone.
Compact bone is formed by	osteoblasts on the inside of periosteum.
Intramembranous ossification is	the process of replacing connective tissue to form an intramembranous bone.
Most of the bones of the skeleton are	endochondral bones.
Endochondral bones develop as	masses of hyaline cartilage.
As hyaline cartilage decomposes, a_______ forms from connective tissue that encircles the developing structure.	periosteum
Blood vessels and undifferentiated connective tissue cells	invade the disintegrating tissue.
(during endochondral bone dev.) Some of the cells differentiate into	osteoblasts.
Osteoblasts form	spongy bone in the spaces previously housed by cartilage.
Endochondral ossification	is the process of forming an endochondral bone by the replacement of hyaline cartilage.
The primary ossification center is	an area in the diaphysis of a long bone in which the bony tissues begin to replace hyaline cartilage.
Secondary ossification centers appear in	epiphyses.
The epiphyseal plate is	a band of cartilage between the primary and secondary ossification centers.
In a long bone, the diaphysis is separated from the epiphysis by	an epiphyseal plate.
The cartilaginous cells of the epiphyseal plate occur in ----- layers.	four
The first layer of the epiphyseal plate is composed of	resting cells that do not actively participate in growth.
anchors the epiphyseal plate to the bony tissue of the epiphysis.	The first layer of the epiphyseal plate
The second layer of the epiphyseal plate contains	rows of many young cells undergoing mitosis.
As new cells appear, the cartilaginous plate	thickens.
The third layer of the epiphysealplate is formed by	older cells that are left behind as new cells appear.
The cells of the third layer of the epiphyseal plate	enlarge and thicken the epiphyseal plate.
The fourth layer of the epiphyseal plate is composed of	dead cells and calcified intercellular substance.
break down calcified matrix of bone.	Osteoclasts
originate from monocytes.	Osteoclasts
Osteoclasts secrete acids that	dissolve the inorganic component of the calcified matrix
lysosomal enzymes from osteoclasts	digest the organic components.
phagocytize components of the bony matrix.	Osteoclasts
deposit bone tissue in place of calcified matrix.	osteoblasts
A long bone continues to lengthen while	the cartilaginous cells of the epiphyseal plates are active.
Lengthening of the bone is no longer possible	once the ossification centers of the diaphysis and epiphysis meet and the epiphyseal plates ossify.
The medullary cavity forms when	osteoclasts erode bone tissue in the diaphysis.
The bone in the central regions of the epiphyses and diaphysis remains	spongy.
About x% of bone calcium is exchanged each year.	3% to 5
Factors that affect bone development, growth and repair include	nutrition, exposure to sunlight, hormonal secretions, and physical exercise.
Vitamin D is necessary for	calcium absorption.
Lack of vitamin D can lead to the diseases	rickets and osteomalacia.
Vitamin A is necessary for	osteoblast and osteoclast activity during normal development.
Vitamin C is required for	collagen synthesis.
Growth hormone stimulates	division of cartilage cells in epiphyseal plates.
In children, the absence of growth hormone leads to	pituitary dwarfism.
An excess of growth hormone before the epiphyseal plates ossify leads to	pituitary gigantism.
In adults, an excess of growth hormone leads to	acromegaly.
Thyroid hormone can halt bone growth by causing premature ossification of the epiphyseal plates.	(blank)
Deficiency of thyroid hormone may	stunt growth.
Parathyroid hormone stimulates	an increase in the number and activity of osteoclasts.
male sex hormones.	Androgens
Androgens promote	formation of bone tissue.
Sex hormones also stimulate	ossification of the epiphyseal plates.
Females typically reach their maximum heights earlier than males because	the effects of estrogen on the epiphyseal plates are stronger than androgens.
Physical stress ---------- bone growth.	stimulates
Bones give shape to structures such as	the head, face, thorax, and limbs.
The bones of lower limbs, pelvis, and vertebral column support	the body’s weight.
The bones of the skull protect	the eyes, ears, and brain.
The bones of the thorax protect the	heart and lungs.
Bones of the pelvic girdle protect	lower abdominal and internal reproductive organs.
Bones and muscles interact as	levers.
The four basic components of a lever system are	rigid bar, fulcrum, object that is moved against resistance, and a force.
In scissors, the handle and blades form	a rigid bar.
The pivot of scissors is	the screw.
The resistance of scissors is	the material to be cut.
The force of scissors is supplied by	the person on the handles.
In a first-class lever system, the parts are arranged	resistance, fulcrum, force.
Besides scissors, other examples of first class lever systems are	seesaws and hemostats.
In a second-class lever system, the parts are arranged	fulcrum, resistance, force.
An example of a second-class lever system is	a wheelbarrow.
In a third class lever system, the parts are arranged	resistance, force, and fulcrum.
An example of a third-class lever system is	a pair of tweezers.
Explain the lever ib the action of bending the upper limb at the elbow	the rigid bar is the forearm bones, the pivot is the elbow joint, the resistance is the hand, and the force is applied by muscles on the anterior side of the arm.
Bending the arm at the elbow is an example of	a third-class lever system.
Explain the lever when the upper limb straightens at the elbow,	the rigid bar is forearm bones, the pivot is the elbow, the resistance is the hand, and the force is applied by the triceps muscle located on the posterior surface of the arm.
Straightening the arm at the elbow is a _________ lever system	first class
An example of a second-class lever system in the body is	the temporomandibular joint (opening of the mouth)
Hematopoiesis is	blood cell formation.
Blood cell formation begins in	the yolk sac.
Later in development, blood cells are made in	the liver, the spleen, and red bone marrow.
a soft, netlike mass of connective tissue	Marrow
Marrow is found	within the medullary cavities of long bones, in the irregular spaces of spongy bone, and in the larger central canals of compact bone tissue.
Red marrow functions in	the formation of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
occupies the cavities of most bones in an infant.	Red marrow
With increasing age, yellow marrow replaces	red marrow.
Yellow marrow stores	fat.
In an adult, red marrow is primarily found in	the spongy bone of the skull, ribs, sternum, clavicles, vertebrae, and pelvis.
Intercellular matrix of bone tissue contains	collagen and inorganic mineral salts.
account for about 70% of bone by weight.	The salts
tiny crystals of calcium phosphate.	Hydroxyapatites
The body requires calcium for	many metabolic processes including blood clot formation, nerve impulse conduction, and muscle cell contraction.
When blood calcium is low,	parathyroid hormone stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone tissue to release calcium salts.
Very high blood calcium levels inhibit	osteoclast activity.
Calcitonin stimulates	osteoblasts to form bones.
Bone tissue contains lesser amounts of	magnesium, sodium, potassium and carbonate ions.
The number of bones in a human skeleton is around	206
Flat bones of the skull are joined by tightly	joined sutures.
Two major portions of the skeleton are	axial and appendicular.
The axial skeleton contains	skull bones, middle ear bones, the hyoid bone, vertebral column bones, and thoracic cage bones.
The skull is composed of	8 cranial bones and 14 facial bones.
The hyoid bone supports the	muscles of the tongue.
The hyoid bone is located	in the neck between the lower jaw and the larynx.
The vertebral column consists of	vertebrae, a sacrum, and coccyx.
The distal end of the column is formed by	the sacrum and the coccyx.
The coccyx is also called	the tailbone.
The thoracic cage is composed of	24 ribs and the sternum.
The appendicular skeleton consists of	bones of the pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs.
The pectoral girdle is formed by	scapulae and clavicles.
The pectoral girdle connects the bones of	the upper limb to the axial skeleton.
The pectoral girdle aids in	upper limb movements.
Each upper limb consists of	a humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges.
The humerus, radius, and ulna articulate at	the elbow.
The wrist bones are called	carpals.
The bones of the palm are called	metacarpals.
Bones in the fingers are called	phalanges.
The pelvic girdle is formed by	coxal bones.
The pelvic girdle connects	the bones of the lower limbs to the axial skeleton.
form the pelvis.	The pelvic girdle, sacrum, and coccyx
Each lower limb consists of	a femur, tibia, fibula, patella, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges.
The femur and tibia articulate with each other at	the knee.
The kneecap is called	the patella.
The anklebones are	tarsals.
The bones of the instep of the foot are called	metatarsals.
Bones of the toes are called	phalanges.
A human skull usually consists of	28 bones.
The moveable bone in the skull is the	mandible.
Some cranial and skull bones together form the	orbit of the eye.
The cranium encloses and protects	the brain.
The surface of the cranium provides attachments for	muscles that make chewing and movements of the head possible.
air-filled cavities in cranial bones.	Sinuses
Sinuses serve to	reduce the weight of the skull and increase the intensity of the voice by serving as resonant sound chambers.
The eight bones of the cranium	are 1 frontal bone, 2 parietal bones, 1 occipital bone, 2 temporal bones, 1 sphenoid bone and 1 ethmoid bone.
The frontal bone forms	the anterior portion of the skull above the eyes, the roof of the nasal cavity and the roofs of the orbits.
on the upper margin of each orbit and allows blood vessels and nerves to pass to tissues of the head.	The supraorbital foramen
The sinuses of the frontal bone are called	frontal sinuses.
The two halves of the frontal bone fuse together by	the fifth of sixth year of life.
One parietal bone is located on	each side of the skull behind the frontal bone.
Together the parietal bones form the	sides and roof of the cranium.
The sagittal suture fuses	the parietal bones.
The coronal suture fuses	the parietal bones to coronal bones.
The occipital bone joins the parietal bones along the	lambdoidal suture.
The occipital bone forms	the back of the skull and the base of the cranium.
a large opening in the occipital bone through which the brain and spinal cord join.	The foramen magnum
Occipital condyles are located	on each side of the foramen magnum.
Occipital condyles articulate with	the first cervical vertebra.
A temporal bone on each side of the skull joins the parietal bone along	a squamosal suture.
The temporal bones form	parts of the sides and the base of the cranium.
The opening leading inward to parts of the ear is called	the external auditory meatus.
Mandibular fossae articulate with	condyles of the mandibles.
The mastoid process is a site of	attachment for certain muscles of the neck.
The styloid process is a site of	attachment for muscles of the tongue and pharynx.
The carotid canal is near the	mastoid process
The carotid canal transmits	the internal carotid artery.
opening between the temporal and occipital bones and accommodates the internal jugular vein.	The jugular foramen
The zygomatic process projects anteriorly from	the temporal bone
The sphenoid bone helps form	the anterior portion of the cranium.
an indention in the middle of the sphenoid bone and holds the pituitary gland.	The sella turcica
The sinuses of the sphenoid bone are called	sphenoidal sinuses.
The ethmoid bone is located	in front of the sphenoid bone.
The ethmoid bone consists of two masses joined by	cribiform plates.
The cribiform plates form	the roof of the nasal cavity.
Nerves associated with smell pass through	olfactory foramina.
Portions of the ethmoid bone also form section of	the cranial floor, orbital walls, and nasal cavity walls.
A perpendicular plate projects downward from the cribiform plates to form	most of the nasal septum.
Scroll-shaped plates called superior and middle nasal conchae project inward from	the lateral portions of the ethmoid bone.
The lateral portions of the ethmoid bone contain many small air spaces called	ethmoidal sinuses.
triangular process that projects upward and is located between cribiform plates.	The crista galli
The crista galli is attached to	membranes that enclose the brain.
The facial skeleton consists of	13 immovable bones and a movable lower jaw bone.
The facial bones provide sites of attachment for	muscles that move the jaw and control facial expression.
The maxillary bones form the	upper jaw.
Portions of the maxillary bones also comprise	the anterior roof of the mouth, the floors of the orbits, and sides and floor of the nasal cavity.
The maxillary bones also contain	sockets for the upper teeth.
Inside the maxillae, lateral to the nasal cavity are	maxillary sinuses.
The maxillary sinuses extend from the	floor of the orbits to the roots of the upper teeth.
The portions of the maxillary bones that grow together and form the anterior section of the hard palate.	called palatine processes
The alveolar arch is a horseshoe shaped collection of	alveolar processes.
The palatine bones are---- shaped.	L
The palatine bones are located	behind the maxillae.
The horizontal portions of the palatine bones form the	posterior section of the hard palate and the floor of the nasal cavity.
The perpendicular portions of the palatine bones help form the	lateral walls of the nasal cavity.
Zygomatic bones are responsible for the	prominences of the cheeks below and to the sides of the eyes.
Each zygomatic bone has a temporal process that extends posteriorly to join	the temporal bone.
The zygomatic arch is formed by the	zygomatic process of the temporal bone and the temporal process of the zygomatic bone.
Lacrimal bones are located	in the medial wall of each orbit.
The nasal bones form the	bridge of the nose.
The nasal bones are attachments for	the cartilaginous tissues that form the shape of the nose.
The vomer is located	along the midline within the nasal cavity.
Posteriorly the vomer joins	the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone.
The nasal septum is formed from	the vomer and perpendicular plate of the ethmoid.
The inferior nasal conchae are attached to the	lateral walls of the nasal cavity.
Like the ethmoidal conchae, the inferior conchae support	mucous membranes within the nasal cavity.
The mandible is shaped like	a horseshoe.
The flat projections at the ends of a mandible are	rami.
The rami are divided into	a mandiblar condyle and a coronoid process.
The mandibular condyles articulate with	the temporal bones.
The coronoid processes provide attachment sites for	muscles used in chewing.
The alveolar border is	a curved bar of bone on the superior border of the mandible and it contains the sockets of the lower teeth.
Mandibular foramens are located	near the center of each ramus.
Blood vessels and nerves run through	mandibular foramens.
The mental foramen is	an opening near the point of the jaw.
At birth, the skull is connected with	fibrous membranes.
membranous areas of an infantile skull.	Fontanels
The verterbral column extends from	the skull to the pelvis
The verterbral column forms	the vertical axis of the skeleton.
The vertebral column is composed of	vertebrae that are separated by intervertebral discs.
The vertebral column supports	the head and the trunk of the body.
The vertebral column protects	the spinal cord.
The spinal cord passes through	a vertebral canal.
An infant has ___ separate bones in the vertebral column	33
An adult vertebral column has ---bones.	26
The sacrum is formed by	five fused vertebrae.
The coccyx is formed by	four fused vertebrae.
The four curvatures of the vertebral column are	thoracic, pelvic, cervical, and lumbar.
The cervical curvature develops when	a baby begins to hold up its head.
The lumbar curvature develops when	a child begins to stand.
The body of a vertebra forms	the thick, anterior portion of the bone.
The intervertebral discs are fastened to	the upper and lower surfaces of the vertebral bodies.
The discs function to	cushion and soften the forces caused by walking and jumping movements.
join the bodies of adjacent vertebrae on their anterior surfaces.	Anterior longitudinal ligaments
join the bodies of adjacent vertebrae on their posterior surfaces.	Posterior longitudinal ligaments
two short stalks that project posteriorly from each vertebral body.	Pedicles
two plates that arise from the pedicles and fuse in the back to become spinous processes.	Laminae
A vertebral arch is formed by	the pedicles, laminae, and spinous processes.
Spinous processes are structures formed by	the fusion of two laminae.
A transverse process projects	laterally and posteriorly.
project upward and downward from each vertebral arch.	Superior and inferior articulating processes
provide passageways for spinal nerves.	Intervertebral foramina
There are ___ cervical vertebrae.	7
The transverse processes of cervical vertebrae are distinctive because	they have transverse foramina.
The spinous processes of the second through the sixth cervical vertebrae are	bifid.
the spinous process of the 7th cervical vertebra.	The vertebra prominens is
1st cervical vertebra.	The atlas is the
The atlas supports	the head.
The facets of the atlas articulate with	occipital condyles.
the second cervical vertebra.	The axis
a process that projects upward and lies in the ring of the atlas.	The dens is
As the head is turned from side to side, the atlas pivots around	the dens.
There are _----thoracic vertebrae.	12
The facets of thoracic vertebrae articulate with	ribs.
The bodies of thoracic vertebrae are adapted to bear	increasing loads of body weight.
There are ________ lumbar vertebrae and they are located	5, in the small of the back.
The bodies of lumbar vertebrae are ________than the superior vertebrae.	larger and stronger
The transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae project	posteriorly
processes of lumbar are thick, short, and nearly horizontal	the spinous.
The sacrum is _________in shape	triangular
ridge of tubercles where the spinous process of sacral vertebrae fused together.	The median sacral crest
rows of openings located to the sides of the tubercles.	Dorsal sacral foramina
The sacrum is wedged between	the caxae
The sacrum is united to the caxae at its	articular surfaces.
The sacrum forms	the posterior wall of the pelvis
The sacral promontory forms the	upper anterior margin of the sacrum.
In the sacrum , these provide passageways for nerves and blood vessels.	anterior sacral foramina
the lowest part of vertebral column.	The coccyx
Sitting presses on the	coccyx, and it moves forward, acting like a shock absorber.
The thoracic cage includes	the ribs, thoracic vertebrae, the sternum, and the costal cartilages that attach the ribs to the sternum.
The thoracic cage supports the	shoulder girdle and upper limb and protects the viscera in the thoracic and upper abdominal cavities.
The usual number of ribs is	24
The true ribs are the first _____pairs of ribs.	7
The false ribs are the last	five pairs of ribs.
Floating ribs are the	last two pairs of false ribs.
an enlarged portion of a rib at its posterior end.	The head of a rib is
The head of a rib articulates with	a facet on the body of its own vertebra and with the body of the next higher vertebra.
A tubercle of a rib articulates with	the transverse process of the vertebra.
Costal cartilages are composed of	hyaline cartilage.
Costal cartilages are attached to	the anterior ends of a rib.
The sternum is located	along the midline in the anterior portion of the thoracic cage.
The three parts of the sternum are	manubrium, body, and xiphoid process.
The xiphoid process projects	downward.
The manubrium articulates with	clavicles.
The manubrium and body articulate with	ribs.
The four parts of the pectoral girdle are	two clavicles and two scapulae.
The pectoral girdle supports	the upper limbs and is an attachment for several muscles that move the arm.
A clavicle has _________shape	an S.
Clavicles run	between the sternum and the shoulders.
The medial ends of the clavicles articulate with	the manubrium.
The lateral ends of the clavicles articulate with	the scapulae.
The clavicles brace	the freely movable scapulae
The clavicle are attachment sites for	muscles of the upper limbs, chest and back.
The scapulae are shaped like	triangles.
The spine of a scapula divides it into a	supraspinous process and infraspinous process.
The acromion process forms the	tip of the shoulder.
The coracoid process curves	anteriorly and inferiorly to the clavicle.
The acromion process articulates with	the clavicle.
a depression on the head of a scapula.	The glenoid cavity is
The glenoid cavity articulates with	the head of the humerus.
The three borders of the scapulae are	superior, lateral, and medial.
The bones of the upper limb form the framework for	the arm, forearm, wrist and hand.
The bones of the upper limbs are	humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges.
The humerus extends from the	scapula to the elbow.
The head of the humerus fits into the	glenoid cavity.
Two processes just below the head of the humerous are a	greater tubercle and lesser tubercle.
The deltoid tuberosity is an	attachment site for the deltoid muscle.
Two condyles at the lower end of the humerus are the	capitulum and trochlear.
The capitulum articulates with	radius.
The trochlea articulates with	the ulna.
Epicondyles are located	above the condyles and provide attachments for muscles and ligaments of the elbow.
The radius is located on the ------ of the forearm	thumb side
The radius crosses over the ulna when	the hand is turned so that the palm faces backward.
The head of the radius articulates with	the capitulum of the humerus.
an attachment site for the biceps brachii.	The radial tuberosity
The styloid process is located	at the distal end of the radius on its lateral side.
The trochlear notch of the ulna is a	wrenchlike opening at the proximal end of the ulna.
The trochlear notch articulates with	the trochlea of the humerus.
The olecranon process is located above the trochlear notch.	(blank)
The head of the ulna articulates laterally with	a notch of the radius
The head of the ulna articulates inferiorly with	a disc of fibrocartilage .
The styloid process of the ulna is located	at the distal end of the ulna on its medial side.
The bones of the wrist are called	carpals.
the 8 carpals	scaphoid, capitate, trapezoid, trapezium, lunate, hamate, triquetrum, and pisiform.
The metacarpals form	the framework of the palm.
The distal ends of metacarpals form	the knuckles of a clenched fist.
Proximally, the metacarpals articulate with	carpals.
Distally, the metacarpals articulate with	phalanges.
The metacarpal of the thumb is numbered	1
The pelvic girdle consists of two coxae that articulate	with each other anteriorly and with the sacrum posteriorly.
The pelvis is formed by the	sacrum, coccyx, and pelvic girdle.
The pelvic girdle supports the	trunk of the body.
The pelvic girdle provides attachments for	the lower limbs
The pelvic girdle protects t	he urinary bladder, the distal end of the large intestine, and the internal reproductive organs.
The body’s weight is transmitted	through the pelvic girdle to the lower limbs and then onto the ground.
A coxa is also called	a hipbone.
Each coxa develops from the following three parts:	an ilium, an ischium, and a pubis.
The acetabulum is cup-shaped cavity of a	coxal bone.
The acetabulum receives the	head of the femur.
The largest and most superior portion of the coxa.	The ilium
forms the prominence of the hip.	The ilium
the margin of the prominence of the hip.	The iliac crest
the smooth, concave surface on the anterior aspect of the ilium.	The iliac fossa
Posteriorly the Iilum joins the sacrum at the	sacroiliac joint.
The anterior superior iliac spine can be felt	lateral to the groin.
and is an important surgical landmark.	(blank)
On the posterior border of the ilium	a posterior superior iliac spine.
a deep indentation below the posterior superior iliac spine though which nerves and blood vessels pass.	greater sciatic notch,
The lowest portion of the coxa	the ischium.
The ischial tuberosity points	posteriorly and downward.
The ischial tuberosity supports	the body during sitting.
The ischial spine is a sharp projection above	the ischial tuberosity.
The distance between the ischial spines is	shortest diameter of the pelvic outlet.
The pubis constitutes the	anterior portion of the coxa.
The symphysis pubis is where	the two pubis bones join together.
the angle the pubis bones form below the symphysis.	The pubic arch
the largest foramen of the skeleton.	The obturator foramen
The obturator foramen is located	between the three parts of a coxal bone.
The pelvic brim separates	the true pelvis from the false pelvis.
The greater pelvis is bounded posteriorly by	the lumbar vertebrae,
The greater pelvis is bounded laterally by	the flared parts of the iliac bones,
The greater pelvis is bounded anteriorly by	the abdominal wall.
The false pelvis supports	abdominal organs.
The lesser pelvis is bounded posteriorly by	sacrum and coccyx
The lesser pelvis is bounded	laterally and anteriorly by lower ilium, ischium, and pubis bones.
The bones of the female pelvis are lighter and show less evidence of muscle attachments.	(blank)
The bones of the lower limb form	framework of the thigh, leg, ankle, and foot.
The bones of the lower limb are	femur, tibia, fibula, patella, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges.
extends from the hip to the knee	The femur .
The head of the femur projects medially into the acetabulum.	(blank)
The fovea capitis is a pit that marks	the attachment of a ligament.
The neck of the femur is	a constriction just below the head.
Two large processes below the neck of the femur	the greater and lesser trochanters.
a longitudinal crest on the posterior surface of the femur.	The linea aspera
The lateral and medial condyles articulate with	the tibia.
The patella articulates with	the femur on its distal anterior surface.
The medial and lateral epicondyles provide	attachments for muscles and ligaments.
a sesamoid bone located in a tendon that passes anteriorly over the knee.	The patella
controls the angle at which this tendon continues toward the tibia.	The patella
The shinbone is the	tibia.
The tibia is located on the --- side.	medial
The medial and lateral condyles of the tibia articulate with	the condyles of the femur.
located below the condyles of the tibia.	The tibial tuberosity
The tibial tuberosity provides an attachment for the patellar ligament.	(blank)
is a prominence that extends downward from the tibial tuberosity and attaches connective tissues in the leg.	The anterior crest of the tibia
a prominence at the distal end of the tibia.	The medial malleolus
On the tibia’s lateral side is a depression that articulates with the	fibula.
The inferior surface of the tibia’s distal end articulates with	the talus.
on the lateral side of the tibia.	The fibula
The head of the fibula articulates with	the tibia.
The lateral malleolus articulates with the ankle.	(blank)
The ankle and foot consist of a	tarsus, a metatarsus, and phalanges.
The tarsus is composed of	seven tarsal bones.
The talus articulates with the	tibia and fibula and can move freely at the ankle.
The seven tarsal bones are	the calcaneous, the talus, the navicular, the cuboid, and the lateral, medial, and intermediate cuneiform bones.
The largest talus is the	calcaneous.
The calcaneous helps support	the weight of the body.
The metatarsus consists of	five elongated bones.
The heads at the distal ends of the metatarsals form	the ball of the foot.
The arch of the foot is formed by	the arrangements of the tarsals and metatarsals.
The bones of the toes are called	phalanges.
Each toes has 3 phalanges except the great toe because it lacks the middle phalynx.	(blank)
An incremental decrease in height begins at about age	30
may contribute to loss of height.	Compression fractures of the vertebrae
As calcium levels fall, bones become	brittle and prone to fracture.
adults start to lose bone mass.By age	35
xxx bone shows signs of aging first.	Trabecular
Compact bone loss begins around the age of	40
In the first decade following menopause, women lose	15 to 20% of trabecular bone and 10 to 15% of compact bone .
The most common fractures in the elderly are	vertebral compression fractures, hip fractures, wrist fractures, leg fractures, and pelvis fractures.
Preserving skeletal health may involve	avoiding falls, taking calcium supplements, getting enough vitamin D, avoiding carbonated beverages, and getting regular exercise.

Created by: csims1

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