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Neuro Lecture 7: Cerebral Cortex 1a

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Question
Answer
By ____ of embryonic development, all 5 major brain subdivisions are identifiable.   show
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Name the 5 major subdivisions of the brain   show
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Which subdivision of the brain contains the cerebral hemispheres and basal ganglia?   show
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The cerebral cortex accounts for about ___ of the volume of the adult brain   show
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show right  
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How much is the overall loss of cortical volume by age 75?   show
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How much is the loss of frontal cortical volume by age 75?   show
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Do all cortical areas decrease in size the same amount?   show
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show no- there is substantial individual variability  
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How big is the total flattened area of the cerebral cortex?   show
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show 1/3  
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show ~1.5 - 4.5 mm  
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show primary motor cortex  
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show primary visual cortex  
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show about 20 billion  
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show 2-10x more  
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show spiny neurons and aspiny (spine-sparse) neurons  
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What percentage of cortical neurons are spiny neurons?   show
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show excitatory  
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show glutamate  
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Which specific neurons are included in the group “spiny neurons”?   show
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show pyramidal neurons  
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show pyramidal neurons  
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What are the single long projections of the pyramidal neurons called?   show
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What are the many smaller projections of the pyramidal neurons called?   show
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show thousands  
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show dementias, chronic alcoholism, schizophrenia, and trisomy 21  
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show few, if any  
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show about 25%  
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Are aspiny neurons excitatory or inhibitory?   show
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show GABA- gamma aminobutyric acid  
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Are aspiny neurons presynaptic, postsynaptic, or interneurons? (not actually a technically sound question)   show
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show make synaptic connections with nearby pyramidal cells- conductors/ traffic cops  
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Loss of which type of neurons have been reported in epileptic patients?   show
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What is the term for “superficial-to-deep” variations in histological features in the cerebral cortex?   show
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What is the term for “superficial-to-deep” commonalities in functional properties in the cerebral cortex?   show
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About 95% of the cortical area is termed _______, which has __ layers and is also known as _______   show
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show allocortex, 3-5, archicortex or paleocortex  
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show 1. Molecular, 2. External Granular, 3. External Pyramidal, 4. Internal Granular, 5. Internal Pyramidal, 6. Multiform  
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What is the description of the first isocortex layer?   show
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show densely-packed small cells  
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show medium-sized pyramidal cells  
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What is the description of the fourth isocortex layer?   show
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What is the description of the fifth isocortex layer?   show
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show mixture of pyramidal cells and irregularly-shaped cells  
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show overall thickness, relative thickness/density of different layers, size/shape of neurons  
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show cytoarchitectonic and functional  
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show 2 and 3  
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Which types of cortical regions do commissural fibers connect?   show
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show corpus callosum and anterior commissure  
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Which types of cortical regions do association fibers connect?   show
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show in large fiber bundles (like superior longitudinal fasciculus)  
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show 4  
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Which cortical layer is best developed in primary sensory cortices?   show
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show 5, 6  
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show 5  
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What is the main cortical region receiving dopamine input?   show
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show all 6  
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How wide are the columns of columnar organization in the cortex?   show
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show Mountcastle (1950s) inserted electrodes vertically and obliquely  
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All regions of cortex may be placed into one of 3 categories   show
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Which cortex has the lowest threshold for eliciting movement by electrical stimulation?   show
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show primary sensory cortices  
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What is Brodmann’s area 3,1,2?   show
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show primary motor cortex  
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show primary auditory cortex  
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What is Brodmann’s area 17?   show
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show sensory association areas and motor association areas  
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show sensory association areas  
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Which cortex areas integrate information from different modalities?   show
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show frontal lobe  
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Which cortex areas project to the primary motor cortex?   show
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Which cortex areas provide dense input to subcortical regions involved with movement generation (eg basal ganglia)?   show
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What is cerebral lateralization?   show
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show left hemisphere (95% of righties & 75% of lefties)  
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What are some examples of cerebral lateralization?   show
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show without speech  
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show loss of language expression and/or comprehension  
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What is agnosia?   show
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show difficulty recognizing the meaning or sensory stimuli, while primary sensory function is intact  
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show without capability  
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What is affected (specifically) with apraxia?   show
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