Neuro Lecture 7: Cerebral Cortex 1a
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By ____ of embryonic development, all 5 major brain subdivisions are identifiable. | show 🗑
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Name the 5 major subdivisions of the brain | show 🗑
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Which subdivision of the brain contains the cerebral hemispheres and basal ganglia? | show 🗑
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The cerebral cortex accounts for about ___ of the volume of the adult brain | show 🗑
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show | right
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How much is the overall loss of cortical volume by age 75? | show 🗑
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How much is the loss of frontal cortical volume by age 75? | show 🗑
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Do all cortical areas decrease in size the same amount? | show 🗑
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show | no- there is substantial individual variability
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How big is the total flattened area of the cerebral cortex? | show 🗑
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show | 1/3
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show | ~1.5 - 4.5 mm
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show | primary motor cortex
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show | primary visual cortex
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show | about 20 billion
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show | 2-10x more
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show | spiny neurons and aspiny (spine-sparse) neurons
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What percentage of cortical neurons are spiny neurons? | show 🗑
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show | excitatory
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show | glutamate
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Which specific neurons are included in the group “spiny neurons”? | show 🗑
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show | pyramidal neurons
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show | pyramidal neurons
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What are the single long projections of the pyramidal neurons called? | show 🗑
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What are the many smaller projections of the pyramidal neurons called? | show 🗑
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show | thousands
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show | dementias, chronic alcoholism, schizophrenia, and trisomy 21
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show | few, if any
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show | about 25%
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Are aspiny neurons excitatory or inhibitory? | show 🗑
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show | GABA- gamma aminobutyric acid
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Are aspiny neurons presynaptic, postsynaptic, or interneurons? (not actually a technically sound question) | show 🗑
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show | make synaptic connections with nearby pyramidal cells- conductors/ traffic cops
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Loss of which type of neurons have been reported in epileptic patients? | show 🗑
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What is the term for “superficial-to-deep” variations in histological features in the cerebral cortex? | show 🗑
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What is the term for “superficial-to-deep” commonalities in functional properties in the cerebral cortex? | show 🗑
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About 95% of the cortical area is termed _______, which has __ layers and is also known as _______ | show 🗑
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show | allocortex, 3-5, archicortex or paleocortex
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show | 1. Molecular, 2. External Granular, 3. External Pyramidal, 4. Internal Granular, 5. Internal Pyramidal, 6. Multiform
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What is the description of the first isocortex layer? | show 🗑
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show | densely-packed small cells
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show | medium-sized pyramidal cells
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What is the description of the fourth isocortex layer? | show 🗑
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What is the description of the fifth isocortex layer? | show 🗑
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show | mixture of pyramidal cells and irregularly-shaped cells
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show | overall thickness, relative thickness/density of different layers, size/shape of neurons
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show | cytoarchitectonic and functional
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show | 2 and 3
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Which types of cortical regions do commissural fibers connect? | show 🗑
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show | corpus callosum and anterior commissure
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Which types of cortical regions do association fibers connect? | show 🗑
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show | in large fiber bundles (like superior longitudinal fasciculus)
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show | 4
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Which cortical layer is best developed in primary sensory cortices? | show 🗑
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show | 5, 6
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show | 5
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What is the main cortical region receiving dopamine input? | show 🗑
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show | all 6
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How wide are the columns of columnar organization in the cortex? | show 🗑
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show | Mountcastle (1950s) inserted electrodes vertically and obliquely
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All regions of cortex may be placed into one of 3 categories | show 🗑
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Which cortex has the lowest threshold for eliciting movement by electrical stimulation? | show 🗑
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show | primary sensory cortices
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What is Brodmann’s area 3,1,2? | show 🗑
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show | primary motor cortex
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show | primary auditory cortex
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What is Brodmann’s area 17? | show 🗑
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show | sensory association areas and motor association areas
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show | sensory association areas
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Which cortex areas integrate information from different modalities? | show 🗑
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show | frontal lobe
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Which cortex areas project to the primary motor cortex? | show 🗑
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Which cortex areas provide dense input to subcortical regions involved with movement generation (eg basal ganglia)? | show 🗑
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What is cerebral lateralization? | show 🗑
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show | left hemisphere (95% of righties & 75% of lefties)
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What are some examples of cerebral lateralization? | show 🗑
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show | without speech
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show | loss of language expression and/or comprehension
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What is agnosia? | show 🗑
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show | difficulty recognizing the meaning or sensory stimuli, while primary sensory function is intact
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show | without capability
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What is affected (specifically) with apraxia? | show 🗑
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