Anatomy & Physiology
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| show | different types and ranges of movement
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| show | place of contact between bones, bone and cartilage, or bones and teeth
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| arthrology | show 🗑
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| structural classification of joints | show 🗑
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| fibrous joint | show 🗑
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| show | space between bone and the next bone (if none, fused together)
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| show | has no join cavity and bones are joined by cartilage (i.e. intervertebral disc articulations)
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| synovial joint | show 🗑
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| functional classification of joints | show 🗑
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| show | immobile joint that can be a fibrous or a cartilaginous joint (i.e. tooth to jaw)
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| show | slightly mobile joint that can be fibrous or cartilaginous (i.e. articulation between tibia and fibula
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| show | freely mobile joint (all synovial joints) (i.e. knee joint)
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| range of motion at joints | show 🗑
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| characteristics of fibrous joints | show 🗑
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| show | gomphoses, sutures, syndesmoses
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| gomphoses | show 🗑
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| show | immobile fibrous joints - only b/w certain bones of the skull, have interlocking, usu. irregular edges (increase strength & decrease number of fractures), & permit skull to grow as brain increases in size during childhood (becomes ossified in older adult)
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| show | allow for slight mobility, found b/w radius and ulna and tibia and fibula (bound by interosseous membrane), and provides a pivot (radius and ulna able to move against each other, tibia and fibular = separated)
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| interosseous membrane | show 🗑
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| show | have cartilage b/w articulating bones (either hyaline or fibrocartilage), lack a joint cavity, are immobile or slightly mobile
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| types of cartilaginous joints | show 🗑
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| synchodrosis | show 🗑
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| symphysis | show 🗑
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| show | bodies of adjacent vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs that allow only slight movement between adjacent vertebrae, and together allow spine considerable flexibility
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| show | all are diathrotic joints - freely mobile articulations that include most joints in the body; bones are separated by a space (joint cavity)
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| basic features of synovial joints | show 🗑
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| show | double-layered capsule that is called the articular capsule; has an outer, fibrous layer , and an inner, synovial membrane layer
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| inner layer (synovial membrane) | show 🗑
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| show | formed by dense connective tissue and strengthens joints to prevent bones from being pulled apart
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| articular cartilage | show 🗑
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| show | reduces friction during movement, acts as a cushion to absorb joint compression, and prevents damage to articulating ends of bones
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| show | dense regular connective tissue that connects one bone to another bone and stabilizes, strengthens and reinforces most synovial joints
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| tendons | show 🗑
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| bursa | show 🗑
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| show | found where bones, ligaments, muscles, skin, or tendons rub together, and is connected to the joint cavity or separate from it, and
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| show | uniaxial joint, biaxial joint, and multiaxial joint
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| show | bone moves in just one plane or axis (i.e. elbow)
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| biaxial joint | show 🗑
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| multiaxial joint | show 🗑
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| show | plane (gliding), hinge/ginglymus, pivot, condylar, saddle/sellar, and ball & socket
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| show | simplest synovial articulation, least mobile type of diathrosis, uniaxial joint, limited side-to-side movement in a single plane, and articular surfaces are flat (i.e. intercarpal and intertarsal joints)
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| hinge joint | show 🗑
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| pivot joint | show 🗑
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| show | rounded head of radius pivots along ulna and permits radius to rotate
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| dens of axis and anterior arch of atlas | show 🗑
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| show | biaxial joint (moves in two planes), is oval, convex surface articulating with concave surface (i.e. metacarpophalangeal joints of fingers 2 to 5 (knuckles)
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| metacarpophalangeal joints | show 🗑
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| show | convex and concave surfaces resembling the saddle shape that is biaxial and allows for greater range of movement than condylar or hinge joints (i.e. carpometacarpal joint of the thumb - permits thumb to move toward other fingers)
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| ball-and-socket joint | show 🗑
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| lever | show 🗑
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| show | speed and distance of movement produced by a force, the direction of the force applied, and the strength of the force (how a body makes motion)
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| show | force applied to one point
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| resistance | show 🗑
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| fulcrum or axis | show 🗑
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| show | effort exceeds resistance
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| show | part of the lever from fulcrum to point of effort
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| show | part of lever from fulcrum to point of resistance
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| biomechanics | show 🗑
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| show | 1st class, 2nd class, and third class
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| 1st class lever | show 🗑
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| 2nd class lever | show 🗑
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| show | AFR (axis, force in the middle, and then resistance), effort arm is shorter than resistance arm (i.e. golf club, bicep curl), advantage - allows greater range of motion and greater speed of motion
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| movements of synovial joints | show 🗑
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| show | two opposing surface slide back-and-forth or side-to-side leaving the angle between the bones unchanged (only limited movement in either direction and typically occurs along plane joints) (i.e. between carpals and tarsals)
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| show | one of the four types of motion occurring at synovial joints that either increases or decreases the angle between two bones (includes: flexion, extension, hyperextension, lateral flexion, abduction, adduction, and circumduction)
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| show | movement in the sagittal and decreases the angle between the bones (bones brought closer together) (i.e. bending finger toward the palm)
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| show | opposite of flexion, increases angle between articulating bones (i.e. straightening fingers after making a fist)
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| hyperextension | show 🗑
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| show | trunk of body moving in coronal plane laterally (side bending), occurs primarily between vertebrae in the cervical and lumbar region
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| show | lateral movement of body part away from midline (i.e. arm or thigh moved laterally from body midline)
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| abduction of fingers | show 🗑
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| adduction | show 🗑
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| show | proximal end of appendage relatively stationary and distal end makes a circular motion (imaginary cone-shaped motion) (occurs as a result of flexion, abduction, extension, adduction, internal, & external rotation)(i.e. drawing a circle on the blackboard)
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| rotation | show 🗑
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| show | turns anterior surface of femur or humerus laterally
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| show | turns anterior surface of femur or humerus medially
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| pronation | show 🗑
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| supination | show 🗑
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| show | occur at specific joints and do not readily fit other functional categories
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| depression | show 🗑
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| elevation | show 🗑
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| dorsiflexion | show 🗑
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| show | talocrural joint is bent so the dorsum is pointed interiorly (i.e. ballerina on tip toes in full plantar flexion or stepping on the gas peddle)
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| inversion | show 🗑
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| show | occurs at intertarsal joints of foot only and is when the sole turns laterally
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| show | anterior movement from anatomic position (i.e. jutting out the jaw anteriorly at temporomandibular joint, underbites, hug somebody)
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| show | posterior movement from anatomic position (i.e. jutting out the jaw posteriorly at temporomandibular joint, major over bites, sticking out your chest)
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| show | movement of thumb toward palmar tips of fingers at carpometacarpal joint, enables the thumb to grasp objects
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| show | opposite movement in which the thumb is released from the palmar position
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| glenohumeral (shoulder) joint | show 🗑
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| parts of the glenohumeral joint | show 🗑
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| show | covers the surface of the glenoid cavity and is meant to deepen the glenoid cavity to provide more stability
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| rotator cuff muscles | show 🗑
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| show | hinge joint composed of two articulations
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| show | humeroulnar joint and the humeroradial joint
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| humeroulnar joint | show 🗑
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| humeroradial joint | show 🗑
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| ligaments of elbow joint | show 🗑
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| radial collateral ligament | show 🗑
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| ulnar collateral ligament | show 🗑
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| annular ligament | show 🗑
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| hip joint | show 🗑
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| show | fibrocartilaginous ring of the hip joint that further deepens the acetabulum making the joint more stable
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| show | iliofemoral ligament, ischiofemoral ligament, pubofemoral ligament, ligament of the head of femur
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| iliofemoral ligament | show 🗑
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| ischiofemoral ligament | show 🗑
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| pubofemoral ligament | show 🗑
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| ligament of the head of femur | show 🗑
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| the hip joint gets its stability from... | show 🗑
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| show | flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, and circumduction
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| show | largest and most complex diarthrosis that is primarily a hinge joint (can also be a rotational joint); capable of slight rotation and lateral gliding when flexed
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| knee joint is composed of two separate articulations | show 🗑
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| show | between condyles of femur and condyles of tibia
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| show | between patella and patellar surface of femur
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| show | quadriceps tendon, patellar ligament, lateral (fibular) collateral ligament, medial (tibial) collateral ligament, cruciate ligaments, anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), medial meniscus, and lateral meniscus
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| show | passes over knee's anterior surface and the patella is embedded here
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| patellar ligament | show 🗑
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| lateral (fibular) collateral ligament | show 🗑
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| show | reinforces medial surface of knee joint, extends from femur to tibia, and prevents hyper abduction of leg at the knee
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| cruciate ligament | show 🗑
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| show | extends from posterior femur to anterior tibia, prevents hyperextension, and prevents tibia moving too far anteriorly on the femur
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| posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) | show 🗑
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| medial meniscus and lateral meniscus | show 🗑
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| ankle joints | show 🗑
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| show | between talus and malleoli of tibia and fibula and allow plantarflexion and dorsiflexion
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| show | between talus and calcaneous (below talus), and allows PF/DF (at talocrural joint), inversion and eversion
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