Advanced Patho EXAM 2
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| Define cancer | a disorder of cell proliferation and differentiation
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| True or false, the most common cancer is skin. | True
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| What is the leading cancer in both men and women? | lung cancer
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| Describe benign cancer | slow growth rate, don't metastasize, well-differentiated (resemble tissue of origin), rarely grow back
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| Describe malignant cancer | rapid growth, frequent metastasize, poor prognosis, common reoccurrence
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| Lack of differentiation is called ______ | anaplasia
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| What does normal tissue renewal and repair involve? | proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis
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| Why are proto-oncogenes good? | they control cell growth and replication
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| Why are onocogenes bad? | capable of converting normal cells into cancer cells
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| What is RAS? | Ras is a family of genes that are involved in cellular signal transduction
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| What is the most common tumor suppressor gene? | TP53
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| Why is the TP53 gene important when dealing with CA? | if defective, damaged/unstable cells are allowed to survive and replicate
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| What kind of gene is the retinoblastoma gene? | (Rb) tumor suppresor gene
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| Why is the Rb gene important when dealing with CA? | if defective, it may accelerate the cell cycle.
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| How is bone marrow affected in leukemia? | characterized by an overproduction of blasts in the bone marrow
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| What are the s/s of leukemia? | Fever, wt loss, night sweats, itching , fatigue, bone pain, abdominal fullness, bleeding episodes, bruising, petechiae, frequent infections, HA, N/V, enlarged spleen, liver, and lymph nodes, hyperplasia of gums
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| What are the lab findings of leukemia? | Anemia
thrombocytopenia
leucopenia
blasts on peripheral blood smear
increased uric acid
hypercalcemia
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| Leukemia is classified according to predominant cell type, what are they (2)? | lymphocytic and myelocytic
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| What does ALL stand for and who does it predominantly affect? | acute lymphocytic leukemia; affects children
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| True of False, AML and CML affects children? | false, it primarily affects adults
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| How are lymphocytic leukemias diagnosed? | bone marrow biopsy and blood studies
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| Describe Hodgkins lymphoma? | often localized
contiguous spread
B symptoms common
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| Which is harder to treat, Hodgkins or non-hodgkins and why? | Non-hodgkins because it has a non-contiguous spread, involves bone marrow and is rarely localized
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| Malignancy of mature ATB secreting B lymphocytes is known as what? | multiple myeloma
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| Multiple myeloma affects men or women more frequently? | men
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| Risk factors for cancer. | tobacco, certain nutritional contributors, air pollution, occupational exposures, and UV
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| What does non-hodgkin's disease affect? | B cell, T cell, and NK cell lymphoma.
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| Why is there hypercalcemia in Multiple Myeloma? | Bone destruction releases Ca+ into the bloodstream
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| How do Tumor Suppressor Genes influence CA production? | fluctuations are varied, but all appear to inhibit proliferation or induce apoptosis in defective cells.
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| What is a diagnostic feature of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)? | unique chromosome abnormality; Philadelphia chromosome- translocation between 9 & 22
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| What, in regards to nutrition, is a CA risk factor? | high fat, fiber, ETOH, food additives, antioxidants (not sure whether harm or help)
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| What is paraneoplastic syndrome? | complexes that cannot be explained by obvious tumor properties, many assoc w/ excess production of hormones or cytokines by the tumor
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| What are some examples of paraneoplastic syndrome? | cushing syndrome, SIADH, hypercalcemia
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| What three retroviruses can lead to cancer? | HIV, EBV, and HPV
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| What cancer does HIV cause? | karposi sarcoma
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| What virus causes Burkett's lymphoma and B Cell Lymphomas? | Epstein barr virus (EBV)
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| What happens in PEM-protein energy malnutrition? | There is not enough protein intake so energy is taken from carbs
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| Disorder of bone marrow stem cells that result in reduction of RBCs, WBCs and platelets is called what? | aplastic anemia
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| Benign cancers are typically non-threatening unless? | They are growing in inoperable/dangerous location
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