Integumentary System
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Largest organ Accounts for 7% of body weight Varies in thickness from 1.5–4.4mm Divided into two distinct layers Epidermis Dermis | The Skin
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lies deep to the dermis | Hypodermis
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What are the functions of the Skin and Hypodermis? | Protection— from bumps, chemicals, water loss, UV radiation
Regulation of body temperature
Excretion— urea, salts, and water lost through sweat
Production of vitamin D
Sensory reception—keeps us aware of conditions at the body’s surface
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4 main cell types of Epidermis | Keratinocytes -tratum spinosum; produce keratin a fibrous protein
Melanocytes-basal layer; secrete pigment
Tactile epithelial cells-basal layer; attached to sensory nerve endings
Dendritic cells-stratum spinosum; part of immune system; macrophage-like
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most abundant cell type in epidermis Arise from deepest layer of epidermis Produce keratin, a tough fibrous protein Produce antibodies and enzymes Dead at skin's surface | Keratinocytes
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5 Layers of the Epidermis | A) Stratum basale (stratum geminativum)
B) Stratum spinosum
C) Stratum granulosum
D) Stratum lucidum (only in thick skin)
E) Stratum corneum
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Deepest layer of epidermis Attached to underlying dermis Cells actively divide Stratum basale contains Merkel cells—associated with sensory nerve ending Melanocytes—secrete the pigment melanin | A) Stratum basale
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“Spiny” appearance caused by artifacts of histological preparation Contains thick bundles of intermediate filaments (tonofilaments) Resist tension Contain protein prekeratin and star-shaped dendritic cells Function in immune system (as macrophages) | B) Stratum spinosum (spiny layer)
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Consists of keratinocytes and tonofilaments Tonofilaments contain: Keratohyaline granules—help form keratin Lamellated granules—contain a waterproofing glycolipid | C) Stratum granulosum
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Occurs only in thick skin Locations of thick skin—palms and soles Composed of a few rows of flat, dead keratinocytes | D) Stratum lucidum (clear layer)
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Thick layer of dead keratinocytes and thickened plasma membranes Protects skin against abrasion and penetration | E) Stratum corneum (horny layer)
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Second major layer of the skin Strong, flexible connective tissue Richly supplied with blood vessels and nerves | Dermis
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2 layers of the dermis | Papillary layer—includes dermal papillae
Reticular layer
Deeper layer—80% of thickness of dermis
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Creases on palms are called: | Flexure lines
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Deep to the skin—also called superficial fascia Contains areolar and adipose CT Anchors skin to underlying structures Helps insulate the body | Hypodermis
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3 pigments that contribute to skin color: | i) Melanin
Most important pigment—made from tyrosine
ii) Carotene
Yellowish pigment from carrots and tomatoes
iii) Hemoglobin
Caucasian skin contains little melanin
Allows crimson color of blood to show through
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scalelike modification of epidermis Made of hard keratin | Nails
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Parts of The Nail | Free edge
Body
Root
Nail folds
Eponychium—cuticle
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Flexible strand of dead, keratinized cells Hard keratin—tough and durable | Hair
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2 Parts of Hair | Root—imbedded in the skin
Shaft—projects above skin's surface
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3 layers of Hair | i) Medulla—central core
ii) Cortex—surrounds medulla
iii) Cuticle—outermost layer
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Extend from epidermis into dermis | Hair follicles
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Deep, expanded end of the hair follicle | Hair bulb
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Knot of sensory nerves around hair bulb | Root plexus
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Bundle of smooth muscle Hair stands erect when this contracts | Arrector pili muscle
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Body hairs of women and children | Vellus hairs
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Hair of scalp Axillary and pubic area (at puberty) | Terminal hairs
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Occur over entire body Except palms and soles Secrete sebum—an oily substance | Sebaceous Glands
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entire cell breaks up to form secretion Most are associated with a hair follicle | Holocrine secretion
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Functions of sebum | Collects dirt; softens and lubricates hair and skin
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glands (sudoriferous glands) widely distributed on body | Sweat glands
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a blood filtrate 99% water with some salts Contains traces of metabolic wastes About 2% urea | Sweat
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2 types of sweat glands | Eccrine gland (merocrine)
Most numerous—produce true sweat
Apocrine gland
Confined to axillary, anal, and genital areas
Musky odor-attracts mate
Signal about immune system, MHC
(Ceruminous glands and mammary glands are modified apocrine glands)
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only upper epidermis is damaged from burns | First-degree burn
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upper epidermis and upper part of dermis is also damaged from burns | Second-degree burn
(Blisters appear
Skin heals with little scarring)
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Consumes thickness of skin Burned area appears white, red, or blackened | Third-degree burn
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Least malignant and most common skin cancer | Basal cell carcinoma
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Skin cancer that arises from keratinocytes of stratum spinosum | Squamous cell carcinoma
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A cancer of melanocytes The most dangerous type of skin cancer | Melanoma
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Develops from embryonic ectoderm | Epidermis
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Develop from mesoderm | Dermis and hypodermis
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Develop from neural crest cells | Melanocytes
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vernix caseosa | produced by Fetal sebaceous glands
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Fetal skin is well formed after the fourth month. At 5–6 months, the fetus is covered with lanugo (downy hairs) | Fetal skin is well formed after the fourth month. At 5–6 months, the fetus is covered with lanugo (downy hairs)
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