Integumentary System
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| Largest organ Accounts for 7% of body weight Varies in thickness from 1.5–4.4mm Divided into two distinct layers Epidermis Dermis | show 🗑
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| lies deep to the dermis | show 🗑
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| show | Protection— from bumps, chemicals, water loss, UV radiation
Regulation of body temperature
Excretion— urea, salts, and water lost through sweat
Production of vitamin D
Sensory reception—keeps us aware of conditions at the body’s surface
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| 4 main cell types of Epidermis | show 🗑
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| most abundant cell type in epidermis Arise from deepest layer of epidermis Produce keratin, a tough fibrous protein Produce antibodies and enzymes Dead at skin's surface | show 🗑
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| 5 Layers of the Epidermis | show 🗑
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| Deepest layer of epidermis Attached to underlying dermis Cells actively divide Stratum basale contains Merkel cells—associated with sensory nerve ending Melanocytes—secrete the pigment melanin | show 🗑
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| “Spiny” appearance caused by artifacts of histological preparation Contains thick bundles of intermediate filaments (tonofilaments) Resist tension Contain protein prekeratin and star-shaped dendritic cells Function in immune system (as macrophages) | show 🗑
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| show | C) Stratum granulosum
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| Occurs only in thick skin Locations of thick skin—palms and soles Composed of a few rows of flat, dead keratinocytes | show 🗑
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| Thick layer of dead keratinocytes and thickened plasma membranes Protects skin against abrasion and penetration | show 🗑
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| Second major layer of the skin Strong, flexible connective tissue Richly supplied with blood vessels and nerves | show 🗑
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| 2 layers of the dermis | show 🗑
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| Creases on palms are called: | show 🗑
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| show | Hypodermis
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| show | i) Melanin
Most important pigment—made from tyrosine
ii) Carotene
Yellowish pigment from carrots and tomatoes
iii) Hemoglobin
Caucasian skin contains little melanin
Allows crimson color of blood to show through
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| show | Nails
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| Parts of The Nail | show 🗑
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| Flexible strand of dead, keratinized cells Hard keratin—tough and durable | show 🗑
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| 2 Parts of Hair | show 🗑
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| show | i) Medulla—central core
ii) Cortex—surrounds medulla
iii) Cuticle—outermost layer
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| show | Hair follicles
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| show | Hair bulb
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| show | Root plexus
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| Bundle of smooth muscle Hair stands erect when this contracts | show 🗑
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| Body hairs of women and children | show 🗑
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| show | Terminal hairs
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| show | Sebaceous Glands
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| show | Holocrine secretion
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| Functions of sebum | show 🗑
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| show | Sweat glands
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| show | Sweat
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| show | Eccrine gland (merocrine)
Most numerous—produce true sweat
Apocrine gland
Confined to axillary, anal, and genital areas
Musky odor-attracts mate
Signal about immune system, MHC
(Ceruminous glands and mammary glands are modified apocrine glands)
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| show | First-degree burn
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| upper epidermis and upper part of dermis is also damaged from burns | show 🗑
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| show | Third-degree burn
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| show | Basal cell carcinoma
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| show | Squamous cell carcinoma
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| A cancer of melanocytes The most dangerous type of skin cancer | show 🗑
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| show | Epidermis
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| show | Dermis and hypodermis
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| show | Melanocytes
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| vernix caseosa | show 🗑
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| show | Fetal skin is well formed after the fourth month. At 5–6 months, the fetus is covered with lanugo (downy hairs)
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