ch. 19 cancer medicine vocabulary
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| adjuvant therapy | assisting primary treatment
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| alkylating agents | synthetic chemicals containing alkyl groups that interfere with DNA synthesis
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| anaplasia | loss of differentiation of cells
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| antibiotics | chemical substances produced by bacteria, that inhibit the growth of cells
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| antimetabolites | chemicals that prevent cell division by inhibiting the formation of substances necessary to make DNA
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| apoptosis | programmed cell death
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| benign tumor | noncancerous
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| biological response modifiers | substance produced by normal cells that either directly block tumor growth or stimulate the immune system
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| biological therapy | use of the body's own defense mechanisms to fight tumor cells
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| carcinogens | agents that cause cancer
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| carcinoma | cancerous tumor made up of cells of epithelial origin
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| cellular oncogenes | pieces of DNA that when broken or dislocated, can cause a normal cell to become malignant
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| chemotherapy | treatment with drugs
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| combination chemotherapy | use of several chemotherapeutic agents together for the treatment of tumors
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| dedifferentiation | loss of differentiation of cells
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| deoxyribonucleic acid (DNS) | genetic material within the nucleus of a cell
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| differentiating agents | drugs that promote tumor cells to differentiate, stop growing and die
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| differentiation | specialization of cells
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| electron beams | low-energy beams of radiation for treatment of skin or surface tumors
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| encapsulated | surrounded by a capsule
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| external beam radiation | radiation applied to a tumor from a distant source
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| fractionation | giving radiation in small, repeated doses
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| genetic screening | family members are tested to determine whether they have inherited a cancer-causing gene
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| grading of tumors | evaluating the degree of maturity of tumor cells
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| gray (Gy) | unit of radiation equal to 100 rad (absrobed dose of radiation)
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| gross description of tumors | visual appearance of tumors
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| infiltrative | extending beyond normal tissue boundaries
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| invasive | having the ability to enter and destroy surrounding tissue
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| linear accelerator | device that produces high-energy x-ray beams for treatment of deep-seated tumors
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| malignant tumor | tending to become worse and result in deatg
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| mesenchymal | embryonic connective tissue
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| metastasis | spread of malignant tumor to a secondary site
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| microscopic description (of tumors) | the appearance of tumors when viewed under a microscope
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| mitosis | replication of cells
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| mixed-tissue tumors | tumors composed of different types of tisse
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| modality | method of treatment
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| molecularly targeted drugs | anticancer drugs designed to block the function of growth factors, their receptors, and signaling pathways in tumor cells
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| morbidity | the condition of being diseased
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| mucinous | containingg mucus
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| mutation | change in the genetic material (DNA) of a cell
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| neoplasm | new growth
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| nucleotide | unit of DNA (gene) composed of a sugar, phosphate and base
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| oncogene | a region of DNA (genetic material) found in tumor cells (cellular oncogene) or in viruses that cause cancer (viral oncogene)
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| palliative | relieving, but curing symptoms
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| pedunculated | possessing a stem or stalk (peduncle)
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| pharmacokinetics | study of the distribution in an removal of drugs from the body over a period of time
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| protocol | an explicit, detailed plan for treatment
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| rad | unit of absorbed radiation dose
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| radiation | energy carried by a stream of particles
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| radiocurable tumor | cells that are eradicated by radiation therapy
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| radioresistant tumor | cells that require large doses of radiation to be destroyed
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| radiosensitive tumor | a tumor in which radiation can cause the death of cells
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| radiosensitizers | drugs that increase the sensitivity of tumors to x-rays
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| radiotherapy | treatment using radiation
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| relapse | return of symptoms of disease
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| remission | absence of symptoms of disease
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| ribonucleic acid (RNA) | cellular substance (located within an outside the nucleus) that, along with DNA, plays an important role in the synthesis of proteins in a cell
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| sarcoma | cancerous tumor derived from connective tissue
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| serous | pertaining to a thin, watery fluid
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| sessile | having no stem
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| solid tumor | tumor composed of a mass of cells
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| staging of tumors | system of evaluating the extent of spread of tumors
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| steroids | complex, naturally occurring chemicals, such as hormones, that are used as chemotherapeutic agents
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| surgical procedures to treat cancer | methods of removing cancerous tissue
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| ultraviolet radiation | rays given off by the sun
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| viral oncogenes | pieces of DNA from viruses that infect a normal cell and cause it to become malignant
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| virus | an infectious agent that reproduces by entering a host cell and using the host's genetic material to make copies of itself
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