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Valhalla High School Bentley AP World Ch. 16

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Term
Definition
Significance
Time Period
Chapter
Region
White Huns   a nomadic people from central Asia who occupied Bactria during the fourth century and then prepared to cross the Hindu Kush mountains into India   their invasions weakened the Gupta state and lead to their collapse; a period of kingdoms followed; soon after, Harsha established his kingdom   show 16; p. 213,406   India (northern)  
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Harsha   revived imperial authority in northern India; had a reputation for piety by accepting all faiths, building hospitals, and patronizing scholars   show 600 CE; reign 606-648 CE   16; p. 406-407   India(northern)  
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Arrival of Islam   several routes: conquest of Sind, merchants, turkish migrants, the Sultanate of Delhi   established a secure placement in the culural landscape of India   700-1200 CE   16; p. 407-409   show
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show Arab forces conquer Sind(the Indus river valley in northwestern India) by a well-organized expedition and incorporate it into the Umayyad Dynasty   attempted to establish the Islam region among the Indian subcontinent   711 CE   16; p. 407-408   India(north-west)  
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Muslim merchants   took Islamic faith to coastal regions with the domination of trade between India and western lands   show 600-1000 CE   16; p. 408   India(coastal)  
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Mahmud of Ghazni   leader of the Turks in Afghanistan who intended to pluder the wealth in many well-endowed temples; demolished hundreds of Buddhist and Hindu sites and established mosques and Islamic shrines in their place   hastened the decline of Buddhism in India; did not encourage the conversion to Islam   1000 CE   16; p.408   show
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Sultanate of Delhi   Mahmud's successors mount more systematic campaigns establishing an Islamic state, the Sultanate of Delhi; capital at Delhi; never overcame Hindu resistance   show 1206-1526 CE   16; p. 408-409   India(northern)  
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Chola Kingdom   show encouraged trade and established loose rule over southern India   850-1267 CE   16; p. 409   India(southern) Coromandel coast  
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Kingdom of Vijayanagar   "city of victory" established a Hindu empire after renouncing Islam; fell to Mughal conquerors   show 1336-1565 CE   16; p.410   India(southern) northern Deccan"  
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Funan   wealthy state that dominated the Isthmus of Kra and controled trade between China and India; adopted Indian political, cultural, and religious traditions; fell due to internal power struggles   first known state to reflect indian influence; constructed elaborate water storage and irrigation systems   show 16; p.424-425   lower reaches of the Mekong River (modern Cambodia and Vietnam)  
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show southeast Asian kingdom; financed major navy and bureaucracy on trade ship taxes; eliminated need of Isthmus of Kra; fell to Chola Kingdom 11th century   powerful navy dominated trade and maintained all-sea trade route between China and India   670-1025 CE   16; p.425-426   Sumatra, Mayla peninsula, and Borneo (based in Sumatra)  
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show southeast Asian kingdom centered around the temple cities of Angkor Thom and Angkor Wat; fell to invasion of Thai people   strongly dispolays Indian influence is southeast Asia through a "microcosmic reflection of the Hindu world"   889-1431 CE   16; p.426-427   southeast Asia  
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Melaka   show one of the only Islamic states in southeast Asia; sponsored missionary compaignes to spread Islam   late 14th to 15th century   16; p.428   Stait of Melaka, southeast Asia (modern Singapore)  
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show Indian merchants trade Indian goods with southeast Asian rulers who gain regional control from profits; through trade and communication, southeast Asian rulers are introduced to Indian political and cultural traditions   spread of Hinduism, Buddhism, kingship, and court administrative systems to southeast Asia   began early as 500 BCE; largely seen during early centuries CE   16; p.423-424   southeast Asia  
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Monsoons   moisture laden winds from the Southwest in spring and summer, and dry winds from the Northeast in the winter and fall.   the monsoons allowed the Indian soil to reach its full agricultural potential and last during the dry months. They also enabled Indian trade vessels to navigate the waters of the Indian Ocean with the advantage of the predictable winds.   all time   Ch 16, pg 411   show
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Irrigation   the watering of fields during the dry season by canals and aqueducts, dams, reservoirs, wells and tunnels.   after the monsoon season ended, dry Southern India depended on irrigated water from rivers in North India to water their crops.   show Ch 16, pg 411   South India  
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Dhows and Junks   merchant trade ships commonly used in the Indian Ocean, Indian, Persian and Arab sailors favored the dhows, the Chinese and SE Asians favored the junks.   they could carry between 100 – 400 tons and greatly increased the trade capacity and volume flowing through India.   1000-1750's   show Indian Ocean  
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Emporia   large warehouses on the coast of India that held trade goods from all corners of the globe.   show 1000-1800's   Ch 16, pg 413   India (South and Coastal)  
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Axum   an African Kingdom that was dependant on the Indian Ocean’s trade and converted to Christianity. It eventually led to Nubia’s decline.   it became a predominant African Christian Kingdom and controlled Indian Ocean trade to Africa.   show Ch 16, pg 415   Nothern Ethiopia  
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Caste   show caste replaced stable imperial government in India and allowed foreigners to assimilate easily into Indian society.   3500 BCE - today   Ch 16, pg 417-418   Indian Subcontinent  
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show seasonal winds that blew southwest in the wet season of spring and summer and blew northeast in the dry season of winter and fall   the monsoon winds facilitated trade and allowed the Indians to travel about the Indian Ocean Basin. They also provided a source of water for the steppes of southern India.   unknown   16, pg 411 section 2   Indian Ocean Basin  
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Irrigation Systems   systems of canals, resevoirs, dams, well, and tunnels that transported water across the dry, southern region of India and into the valleys that ar not reached by the waters of the Indus and Ganges Rivers.   show began in harrapan times, around 1500 BC   16, pg 411 section 2   Indian Subcontinent  
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Population Growth and Urbanization   between 600 AD and 1500 AD population grew from 53 million to about 105 million, and many cities, especially ports and trading centers, grew to have populations of over 100,000   the higher numbers of people living in higher concentrations allowed for an increase in commerce and trade   600- 1500 AD   show Indian Subcontinent  
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Internal Trade   show the increase in trade boosted the economy and allowed people, especially in southern India and Ceylon to amass great wealth   post-classical India   16, pg 412 section 2   Indian Subcontinent  
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show dhows were Indian, Persian and Arab ships that could carry up to 400 tons of cargo. Junks were the chinese and southeast Asian ships that could carry up to 1000 tons of cargo   they improved trade across the Indian Basin by allowing merchants to carry larger shipments of cargo.   around 1500   16, pg 412 section 2   Indian Ocean Basin  
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Emporia   a marketplace; applied to India due to its ideal location between the East and West   the ideal location of india boostd thier economy and encouraged merchants to migrate into India, which spread foriegn culture   600 AD and after   16, pg 413 section 2   show
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The kingdom of Axum (Aksum)   a Christian kingdom that replaced Kush as the principle trading link between Egypt and the southern ands.   show 4th - 8th centuries AD   16, pg 415 section 2   modern day northern Ethiopia  
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Caste Change and Migration   the integration of Muslims into the traditional Indian society, they formed new subcastes (jati) and the caste system became more complex and began to encompass a larger area.   show post calssical area   16, pg 416 section 2   Indian Subcontinent  
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