Exam 17: Care of the Patient with Cancer
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| Carciogenesis: | the process by which normal cells transform into cancerous cells.
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| Primary Prevention: | consists of changes in lifestyle habits to eliminate or reduce exposure to carcinogens.
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| About 10% of cancers are | hereditary and arise from genetic mutations.
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| Cancer occurs when normal cells | mutate, and begin to proliferate
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| Tumors are named for | parent tissue, location of the growth, its cellular makeup, or the person by whom it was identified.
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| Tumors are classified grade | 1 to 4 by the degree of malignancy with 4 being a neoplasm most unlike the parent tissue and therefore most malignant.
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| Tumor, Nodes, Metastasis system (TNM), tumors are staged by | size, extent of spread to lymph nodes and extent of metastasis to other organs.
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| The only sure way to know if one has a malignancy is with a | tissue biopsy, a sample of tissue for pathological examination.
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| Incisional biopsy is | the removal of a portion of tissue for examination, such
as when a polyp is removed during endoscopy.
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| Excisional biopsy is | the removal of a complete lesion, such as a suspicious mole.
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| Needle aspiration biopsy is | the process of aspirating fluid or cells from suspicious tissue by use of a needle.
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| Computerized Tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) use sophisticated imaging to examine | suspicious tissues, especially very small, deep lesions.
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| . Radioisotope or nuclear medicine studies (similar to bone scans) use radioactive materials that | known to be absorbed by certain growths such as thyroid and brain tumors which "light up" on imaging.
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| Ultrasound uses painless high-frequency sound waves to | visualize internal organs to look for tumors.
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| Elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood levels may indicate | the
presence of prostate cancer, but not always. Further tests are ordered by the
evaluating doctor if the PSA is suspiciously high.
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| Elevated blood levels of alkaline phosphatase, serum calcitonin and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) may also indicate | presence of cancer
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| Stool examination for blood (guaiac testing) is commonly used to detect | occult (hidden) blood in the stool that may be the result of bleeding from pre-cancerous polyps or cancerous tissue.
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| The primary goal of cancer surgery is | remove all malignant cancer cells and is usually considered first as the best alternative.
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| Sealed Internal Radiation implant therapy (brachytherapy) | the insertion of a capsule, bead, wire, catheter or other applicator that contains radioactive material.
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| Erythropoietin (Epogen, Procrit) may be prescribed to improve | red blood cell production.
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| Packed red blood cell transfusions may be needed when the hematocrit falls below | 28%
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| When the platelet count drops below _____, a platelet transfusion may be needed. | 20,000 mm3
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| Stomatitis is | a mouth and throat inflammation caused by destruction or lack of repair of the cells that line the oral cavity
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| Tumor Lysis Syndrome (TLS) | an oncologic emergency resulting from the rapid destruction of cancer cells causing a buildup of high levels of potassium, phosphate, and uric acid in the patient's bloodstream. Low calcium serum levels may also occur.
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| TLS is most frequently associated with | Chemotherapy patients with large tumors.
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| Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) | process of replacing diseased or damaged bone marrow with normally functioning bone marrow that is harvested autologously from the affected individual or from a compatible donor.
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| BMT is usually required in patients with | severe bone marrow depression from high dose chemotherapy or advanced cancer
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| Bone marrow transplantation restores the body's ability to | produce blood cells
thus prolonging life and increasing the ability to fight infection and the cancer
itself.
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| Marrow is harvested by multiple needle aspirations from ____ ____ ____ while the patient is under general or spinal anesthesia. | the iliac crest
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| A promising alternative to bone marrow transplantation is | peripheral stem cell transplant (PSCT).
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