Presentation of Disorders of the Endocrine System
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| Signs of hyponatremia - brain oedema, nausea, vomiting, loss of consciousness, headache, seizure | SIADH
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| Polyuria, polydypsia, nocturia, signs of hypernatremia (irritability, restlessness, seizures), visual field defects, muscle twitching | Diabetes Insipidus
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| Weight loss, increased appetite, diarrhoea, intolerance to heat, sweating,palpitations,amenorrhoea, agitation, nervousness | Hyperthyroidism
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| Weight gain,decreased appetite, hoarse voive, decreased hearing, constipation, intolerance to cold, hair loss, carpal tunnel syndrome, hypercholesterolaemia, intellectual and motor slowing, muscle cramps, menorrhoragia. | Hypothyroidism
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| Truncal obesity, facial plethora, buffalo hump, hirsutism and acne, hypertension, oedema, proximal muscle weakness, skin striae and ecchymoses, polyuria, polydipsia, amenorrhoea, pigmentation | Hypercortisolism - Cushing's syndrome
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| Pigmentation, vitligo, lethargy, weight loss, anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, nocturia, mental changes, seizures, postural hypotension | Hypoadrenalism - Addison's disease
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| Hypertension, hypokalaemia and hypernatremia | Hyperaldosteronism due to an adrenal adenoma- Conn's syndrome
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| Sympathetic nervous system overactivity - anxiety, panic attacks, hypertension, palpitations, tremor, sweating, headache. | Phaeochromocytoma
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| High cortisol, low ACTH | Adrenal origin, Cushing's syndrome
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| Suppression at 2mg of dexamethasone | Normal individual
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| High cortisol, high ACTH and suppression at 8mg of dexamethasone | Cushing's disease - pituitary adenoma
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| High cortisol, high ACTH and is not suppressed at 8mg of dexamethasone | Ectopic origin, Cushing's syndrome
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| Low cortisol and synathcen does not increase it significantly | Addison's disease
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| In patients with diabetes insipidus, administering ADH will increase the urine osmolality. | Central cause of diabetes insipidus
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| Injected insulin does not cause an increase in ACTH and GH. | Hypopituitism
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| Administration of glucose causes an increase in growth hormone | Acromegaly
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| Administration of glucose causes a decrease in growth hormone. | Normal individual
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| Low cortisol and low ACTH | Damaged pituitary
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| Low cortisol and high ACTH | Non-responsive adrenal gland
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| High cortisol and high ACTH | Over-active pituitary
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| High cortisol and low ACTH | Autonomous adrenal gland
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| High total T4 concentration, normal TSH and normal free T4 | An increase in thyroxine binding globulin due to pregnancy, oestrogen treatment or the oral contraceptive pill
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| The inability to form IGF-1, resulting in short stature and high levels of GH | Laron dwarfism
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| An insulin receptor defect | Leprechaunism
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| Low TSH with high T4 | Hyperthyroidism
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| High TSH with low T4 | Hypothyroidism
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| Increase in size of the adrenal gland, ambiguous genitalia, aldosterone crisis. | Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia - deficiency in action of 21alpha-hydroxylase
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| Cushingoid signs and symptoms with a palpable abdominal mass | Adrenal carcinoma
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| Cushingoid signs/symptoms with an absence of the Cushingoig body habitus, more prominent oedema and hypertension and marked muscle weakness | Ectopic ACTH production (eg. small cell carcinoma of the lung)
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| Hyperpigmentation and Cushingoid appearance | Extra-adrenal tumour producing ACTH
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