Chapter 6-8 Anatomy & Physiology

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Question

Answer

Bones give the body what ?

Shape/ Structure

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the bones of the legs, pelvis and vertebral column give the body what?

Support

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Bones do what for internal organs?

Protect

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Bones store and release minerals such as calcium and phosphorus, this is called

Electrolyte Balance

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Bone marrow produces ?

Blood cells

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Bones absorbs and releases alkaline salts to help maintain a stable pH, this process is called

Acid-base balance

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Bones that a very long axis and are longer then they are wide are called

Long Bones

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The femur of the thigh and the humerus of the arm are examples of what kind of bones?

Long Bones

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these bones work like levers to move limbs

Long Bones

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Bones that are as Broad as they are long is called

Short Bones

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these bones tend to be cubed shaped

Short Bones

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Carpal Bones and tarsal bones are examples of what kind of bones

Short Bones

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Bones that are Thin, flat, and often curved to protect organs are called

Flat Bones

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Some of the bones of the skull, the ribs, and the sternum are examples of what kind of bone?

Flat Bones

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Bone that are often clustered in groups, these Bones cone in various sizes and shapes are called

Irregular Bones

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the vertebrae and the facial bones are examples of what kind of bones?

Irregular Bones

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Small Bones that embedded in the tendons are called

Sesamoid Bones

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the kneecap is an example of what kind of bone?

Sesamoid Bones

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the head of each long bone is the

Epiphysis

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the central shaft like portion of the bone is called the

Diaphysis

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covering the epiphysis is a thin layer of hyaline cartilage called

Articular Cartilage

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The central hollow portion on the bone is called the

Medullary cavity

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the inside of the medullary cavity is lined with a thin epithelial membrane called the

Endosteum

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in children, the medullary cavity is filled with blood cell producing ___________

Red bone Marrow

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in adults, most red marrow had turned to _________, which is rich in fat

Yellow Bone Marrow

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a dense fibrous membrane that covers the diaphysis is called the

Periosteum

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these bone cells helps form bone by secreting substances that comprise the bone's matrix

Osteoblasts

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these bone cells dissolve unwanted or unhealthy bone

Osteoclasts

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these bone cells are mature osteoblasts that have become entrapped in the hardened bone matrix

Osteocytes

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the study of bone is called

Osteology

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Collagen fibers in the matrix make bone highly resistant to stretching forces, this is called

Tensile Strength

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Calcium salts allow bones to resist strong squeezing forces, this is called

Compressional strength

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Bone that lacks the ability to endure twisting is called

Torsional Strength

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Bone tissue is called

Osseous Tissue

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porous bone or bone with air pockets is called

Spongy Bone

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this osseous tissue is found in the ends of long bones and in the middle of most other bones, but is always surrounded by more durable compact bone

Spongy Bone

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this osseous tissue is dense and solid

Compact Bone

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in compact bone, layers of matrix are arranged in concentric, onion like rings called

Lamellae

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The central canal that the lamellae surround is called

Haversian/ osteonic canal

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tiny gapes between ring of the lamellae that contain osteocytes are called

Lacunae

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Microscopic passageways that connect the lamellae to each other called

Canaliculi

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transverse passageways that connect the haversian canals is called

Volkmann Canals

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when a babies skeleton evolves from cartilage to bone, this process is called

Ossification

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a process that begins when groups of stem cells in tissue differentiate into osteoblasts is called

Intramembranous Ossification

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Clusters of osteoblast that deposit matrix material and collagen is called the

Centers of Ossification

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parts of a newborns skull that consists of fibrous connective tissue that is know as the "soft spot" is called

Fontanels

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process in the fetus whereby cartilaginous skeleton transforms into bone

Endochondral Ossification

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a layer of hyaline cartilage at the end of each bone is called the

Epiphyseal Plate

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Reshaping or reconstructing a part of bone

Remodeling

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the destruction of old bone is called

Resorption

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A brake in a bone is called a

Fracture

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when broken bones are manipulated into their original position without surgery is called

Closed Reduction

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when surgery is needed to reposition a broken bone this is called

Open Reduction

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the skeleton that forms the central supporting axis of the body is called

Axial Skeleton

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Bones making up the limbs, pelvis, and shoulder areas is called

Appendicular Skeleton

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the bony structure housing the brain is called the

Cranium

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forms the rear of the skull

Occipital Bone

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forms the sides of the cranium and part of the cranial floor

Temporal Bones

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the opening in the bone for the ear is called

External Auditory Meatus

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The prominent lump behind the ear is called

Mastoid Process

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the check bone is called

Zygomatic Arch

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an attachment point for several neck muscles

Styloid Process

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Forms a key part of the cranial floor as well as the floor and side walls of the orbits

Sphenoid Bone

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Contributes to the walls of the orbits, the roof and walls of the nasal cavity, and the nasal septum

Ethmoid bone

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the joint between the parietal bones and the frontal bone is called

Coronal Suture

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the line of articulation between the parietal bones and the occipital bone

Lambdoidal Suture

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the suture that runs along the top edge of the temporal bone is called

Squamous suture

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the joint between the right and left parietal bones is called

Sagittal suture

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the bones of the skull join together at immovable joints called

Sutures

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the skull contains a number of holes that allow for passage of nerves and blood called

Foramina

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the large opening in the base of the skull that allows the spinal cord to pass through as it connects to the brain steam is called the

Foramen Magnum

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the bones that meet to form the upper jaw is called the

Maxillae

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these bone shape the cheeks and form the outer edge of the orbit

Zygomatic Bones

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the largest and strongest bone of the face is called the

Mandible

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your lower jaw is called the

Mandible

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these are paper thin bone that form the part of the side wall of the orbit

Lacrimal Bones

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these rectangular bones form the bridge of the nose

Nasal Bones

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these bones contribute to the nasal cavity

Inferior nasal conchae

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this small bone forms the inferior half of the nasal septum

Vomer

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these bones form the posterior portion of the hard palate, part of the wall of the nasal cavity and part of the floor of the orbit

Palatine Bones

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the bone known as the "Hammer" in the middle ear

Malleus

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The bone in the middle eat known as the "Anvil"

Incus

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The bone in the middle ear known as the "Stirrup"

Stapes

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The three bones in the middle ear are called the

Auditory Ossicles

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the "U" shaped bone that sits between the chin and the larynx

Hyoid Bone

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an opening in the spin that allows passage for the spinal cord is called the

Vertebral Foramen

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the weight bearing portion of the vertebra is called the

Body

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the bumps you feel when you fun your hand along your spin, those are called

Spinous process

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between each vertebra lays a

Intervertebral Disc

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in the spine there is a gel-like core called the

Nucleus Pulposus

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in the spine there is a ring of tough fibrocartilage called the

Annulus fibrosus

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C1 of the vertebrae is known as the

Atlas

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C2 of the vertebrae is known as the

Axis

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C2 has a projection that allow the head to swivel from side to side called the

Dens/ Odontoid process

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this holds the dens in place

Transverse ligament

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the very top of the sternum that is shaped like a medallion is called the

Manubrium

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this lies at the top of the manubrium between the two clavicles

Suprasternal Notch

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the middle part of the sternum, which is the largest portion is called the

Body

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the important landmark for CPR on the sternum is called the

Xiphoid process

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the lower edges of the thoracic cage are called the

costal margins

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the costal margins meet at the xiphoid process forming the

Costal Angle

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ribs 1 to 7 are called

True Ribs

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true ribs attach to the sternum by a strip of hyaline cartilage called

Costal Cartilage

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Ribs 8-9 are called

False Ribs

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ribs 11 and 12 do not attach to any part of the thoracic cage making them known as

Floating Ribs

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A slightly S shaped bone that articulates with the sternum and the scapula and helps support the shoulder is called the

Clavicle

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your shoulder blades are called

Scapula

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the only point where the arm and the scapula attach to the rest of the Skelton, this is called the

Acromion process

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this finger like process provides a point of attachment for some of the muscles of the arm

Coracoid Process

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this shallow socket articulates with the head of the humerus

Glenoid Cavity

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the enlarged end of the humerus that is covered in cartilage is called the

head

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this is a depression on the posterior side of the humerus

Olecranon Fossa

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this is the boney point of the elbow

Olecranon Process

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the boney bumps that can be felt at the wrist is called the

Styloid processes of the radius and ulna

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this bone in the forearm is located on the same side of the thumb

Radius

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the distinctive disc that rotates in the humerus when the palm is turned forward and back

Proximal Head

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where the biceps muscle attaches to the bone is called the

Radial Tuberosity

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in the forearm the bone that is the longest is called the

Ulna

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fingers are formed by bones called

Phalanges

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these bones form the palm of the hand

Metacarpal Bones

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these bones are arranged in two rows of four and form the wrist

Carpal Bones

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on the pelvic bone, this is the large, flaring section you can feel under your skin

Ilium

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on the pelvic bone, this is the lower posterior portion

Ischium

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on the pelvic bone, this is the most anterior portion that joins with the other pubis at the symphysis pubis

Pubis

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Posteriorly, each ox coxae articulates with the sacrum at the

Sacroiliac Joint

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the upper, outer edge of the ilium is called the

Iliac Crest

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point through which the sciatic nerve passes on it path to the back of the thigh

Grater Sciatic Notch

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A depression that houses the head of the femur to form the "hip socket"

Acetabulum

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projection into the pelvic cavity

Ischial Spine

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this supports your body when you are sitting

Ischial Tuberosity

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the combination of the os coxae and sternum is know as the

Pelvis

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this extends between what's known as the pelvis brim

True pelvis

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the lower edge of the true pelvis is know as the

Pelvic Outlet

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this extends between the outer, flaring edges of the iliac bones

False Pelvis

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commonly known as the kneecap

Patella

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the long and slender bone that resides along side the tibia and helps stabilize the ankle, is called the

Fibula

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bone in the lower leg that bears all the weight is called the

tibia

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the distal end of the fibula forms the

Lateral Malleolus

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this serves as the attachment point for thigh muscles

Tibial tuberosity

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the boney knob you can palpate on your inner ankle is the

Medial Malleolus

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these form the toes

Phalanges

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the greatest toe is called the

Hallux

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these bones form the middle portion of your foot

Metatarsals

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these bones comprise the ankle

Tarsal Bones

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these bones make up the second row of tarsal bones

Cuneiforms

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The second largest tarsal bone is the

Talus

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The largest tarsal bone is called the

Calcaneus

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the branch of science that studies joint structure, function and dysfunction is called

Arthrology

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when collagen fibers form one bone penetrate the adjacent bone, anchoring the bones in place. this is called

Fibrous Joints

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Fibrous Joints is also Known as

Synarthroses

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when two bones are joined together by cartilage they are called

Cartilaginous Joints

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joints that are slightly movable are called

Amphiarthroses

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the two pubic portions of the os coxae are jointed by a pad of cartilage called a

Symphysis

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joints that are freely movable are called

Synovial Joints

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Synovial Joints are also know as

Diarthroses

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Extending form the periosteum of each of the articulating bones is a sheet of connective tissue that encloses the joint cavity is the

Joint Capsule

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thus moist, slippery membrane lines the inside of the joint capsule, where it secretes synovial fluid

Synovial Membrane

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this is the small space between the bones that allows for freedom of movement

Joint Cavity

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a thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers bone surfaces is called

Articular Cartilage

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though cords of connective tissue the helps bind the bones more firmly together is called

Ligaments

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some joints like the knee, shoulder and elbow contain small sacs filled with synovial fluid called

Bursa

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This type of joint allows the bones to rotate or pivot

Pivot Joint

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this joint has a ball shaped head that allows joint to move and is the widest range of motion of all joints

Ball-and-Socket Joint

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just like the hinge on a door, these joints allow back and forth movements

Hinge Joint

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a joint that's shaped like a saddle and concaved in each direction is called a

saddle joint

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in this joint, the two bone surfaces side over each other.

Gliding Joint

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this joint is oval shaped

Condyloid Joint

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involves bending a joint so far as to decrease the angle of the joint is called

Flexion

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involve straitening a joint, increasing the angle between the bones

Extension

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the extreme extension of a joint beyond it normally straight position

Hyperextension

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involves moving the toes upward

Dorsiflexion

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involves move the toes downward

Plantar flexion

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the movement of a body part AWAY from the midline of the body is called

Abduction

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the movement of a body part TOWARDS the midline of the body is called

Adduction

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when a bone spins toward the body's midline it called

Internal Rotation

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when a bone spins AWAY form the body's mid line it called

External Rotation

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a movement that turns the palm upward is called

Supination

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A movement that turns the palm Downward is called

Pronation

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a foot movement that turns the sole medially, toward the other foot is called

Inversion

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a foot movement that turns the sold laterally, away from the other foot is called

Eversion

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when you moves a part forward its called

Protraction

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when you move a part Backward its called

Retraction

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