AP World History Key words
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| Neolithic Revolution | the major shift nearly 12000 years ago that Marks the beginning of the transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture
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| Agriculture | domestication or cultivation of plants for food and money
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| Cuneiform | first writing (Sumerians)
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| Hieroglyphics | ancient Egyptian's writing
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| Fertile Cresent | a crescent shape area of fertile land in the middle east and North Africa
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| Judaism | the religion of the ancient Hebrew people- monotheistic (Yahweh)
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| Zoroatrianism | first monotheistic religion- worshiped Ahura Mazda
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| Vedic Religion | formed in northern India that turned into Hinduism
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| Torah | the holy book of the Hebrew people
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| Vedas | the holy book and hymn/song books for the vedic religion
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| Book of the dead | a book of rituals, for the deceased from ancient Egypt
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| Avesta | the holy book of Zoroastrians
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| Epic of Gilgamesh | the World's first literary masterpiece
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| Hammurabi's Code | the worlds first and oldest legal code (Babylon)
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| Oracle Bones | bones that are the primary source for writing from the Shang Dynasty
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| Theocracy | the state is ruled by religious leaders
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| Monarchy | one person holds the most power
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| Nobility | the elite people and families who are administrators
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| Specialization of Labor | different groups of people entered into different occupations of specialization
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| Patriarchy | masculinity is more valuable than femininity
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| Mesopotamia | the worlds first civilization- between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers
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| Egypt | a major civilization located along the Nile River
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| Indus River Valley Civilization | along the Indus River, it flourished and then mysteriously disappeared (Harrapa)
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| Shang | the first Chinese dynasty-left records
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| Zhou | the 2nd historical Chinese dynasty-established the Mandate of Heaven ideology
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| Olmec | american civilization in Mexico with an undeciphered writing system (large heads)
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| Chavin | Peruvian culture going into the Andes
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| Bantu Migration | a 1000 year long migration of the Bantu across Africa
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| Qin Dynasty | reunited the old Zhou dynasty and conquered new areas (standardized weights, measures, writing,great wall
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| Qin shi Huangdi | "the first emperor" first real Emperor of china
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| Han Dynasty | Confucian dynasty, long period of unity, same characters used today
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| Confucianism | emphasis on Hierarchy, education, and just governance
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| Doaism | harmony with oneself and nature
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| Leagalism | Qin dynasty, similar to totalitarianism
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| Silk road | land and sea routes for trade
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| Hinduism | a very diverse religion that developed out of Vedism
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| moksha | the ultimate goal of reuniting with Brahman
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| Siddartha Gautama-Buddha | the founder of Buddism
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| Buddism | an offshoot of Hinduism centers on escaping from the endless cycle of reincarnation
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| Caste (jati) | people were stuck in the same social class as they were born in
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| Ashoka | ruler of the Maurya Empire in India, known for converting/spreading to buddhism
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| Maurya Empire | the first empire to unify most of India, Pakistan, and Burma
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| Gupta Empire | India's Golden age
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| Polis | greek name for an independent city-state
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| Athens | city-state, known for a limited form of democracy (males only)
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| Sparta | city-state ruled by kings, known for strong army
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| Alexander the Great | a Macedonian ruler in Greece, conquered most of the Achamenid Empire
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| Hellenism | a combination of Greek, Arabic, and Indian cultures
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| Roman Republic | the government of early Rome, overthrown in 27 BCE
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| Roman Empire | the new government after 27 BCE
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| Constantine | ruled from 306-337 CE, Legalized Christianity and built new capital
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| Maya | culture of several city states in southern Mexico and Central america
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| Islam | the 2nd largest religion after Christianity
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| Muhammad | the founder of Islam
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| Mecca | the city of Muhammad's birth and the holiest pilgrimage site
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| Sunni | focuses on the need for the leaders to be chosen by leaders and scriptures(largest)
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| Shi'a | focuses on leaders being direct descendants of Muhammad(2nd largest)
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| Umayyad | the largest Islamic caliphate
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| Koran | the holy book of Islam
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| Abbasid | a large Shi'a caliphate based in baghdad
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| Crusades | a series of wars between Catholic and Islamic armies to control route to the middle east
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| Mali | and Empire in west africa famous for Timbuktu
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| Timbuktu | the largest city in west africa
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| Ibn Battuta | a traveler from north Africa who wrote travel accounts as he traveled to china and back
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| Swahilli | a language and culture that developed out of Bantu and Arab interactions
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| Eastern Roman Empire | the surviving part of the Roman Empire, capital at Constantinople
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| byzantine Empire | another name of east half of the Roman empire
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| Vikings | Scandinavian who raided northern and eastern Europe before 1000 CE
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| Feudalism | power: kings-Nobles-workers/serfs
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| Charlemagne | the founder of the Holy Roman Empire
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| Goths | scandinavian people that conquered most of western europe
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| Aztec Empire | 3 allied city-states in mexico
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| Inca Empire | andes Mt.s
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| Tang Dynasty | Openness to foreign influences (buddhism)
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| Song Dynasty | Ideology of Neo-Confucianism
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| Yuan Dynasty | established by Kublai Khan
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| Ming Dynasty | the Chinese Dynasty that overthrew the Mongols, Launched Zheng He's voyages
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| Empress Wu | the only woman to rule china & first to use the civil service examinations
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| Samurai | professional warriors who served Japanese feudal Lords (daimyo)
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| Daimyo | japanese fuedal Lords
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| Mongols | a turkic group who conquered most of asia to Europe in the 13-15th centuries
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| GenghisKhan | then first Mongol ruler to unify all Mongols under his banner
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| Mit'a | a labor tax in the Inca Empire
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| Renaissance | a period in western Europe marked by the revival of classical Greek and Roman
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| Christopher Columbus | the explorer whose voyage to the Americas began the period of European colonization
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| Johannes Gutenberg | credited with creating the movable printing press
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| Martin Luther | The founder of the Protestant Reformation in Germany
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| 95 theses | Martin Luthers Complaints against the Catholic Church
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| Protestantism | A broad term covering many different denominations of Christianity that split from the Catholic Church in the 15-16th centuries
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| Isaac Newton | a major figure of the Scientific Revolution (calculus, gravity, physics)
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| John Locke | an enlightenment thingker known for universal human/male rights
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| Deism | a philosophy that said God could not interfere in the system that God designed
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| Enlightenment | a period of intellectual activity after the Scientific Revolution, solve problems with rationality and logic
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| Peter the Great | the tsar of Russia's first european-style court-St. Petersburg
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| Serfs | indentured laborers considered part of feudal lords land
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| Encomiendas | Grants of American villages to Spanish settlers
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| Sugar | Most profitable cropin the Americas-from India
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| Silver | the universal world currency at this time
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| Potosi | located in bolivia, largest silver mine in the world
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| Middle passage | the shipping between the Americas and africa-mostly for slaves
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| Triangular trade | european goods->African Slaves-> american goods-> european goods
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| Ottoman Empire | a turkish empire lasted until WWI
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| Janissaries | the elite infantry corps of the Ottoman empire
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| Mughals | the Muslim Mongol empire that conquered india
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| Akbar the Great | the most famous Mughal leader famous for religious tolerance and building the Taj Muhal
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| Ming Dynasty | the dynasty founded after expelling the mongols from China- voyages of Zheng He
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| Qing Dynasty | the dynasty founded when Ming was conquered by manchu armies-LAST Dynasty
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| Tokugawa Shogunate | the last shogunate of Japan-hostile to Europeans
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| French Revolution | the overthrow of France's king to create a secular republic
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| Maximilien Robespierre | the early leader of the french Revolution known for public executions
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| Napoleon Bonaparte | a military general of French revolution who seized power
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| Factory Acts | acts that prohibited child labor in British factories
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| Otto von Bismark | a prussian politition who unified Germany
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| Socialism | everyone is =
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| capitalism | private companies control profits
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| Karl Marx | socialism/comunist founder
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| Adam Smith | the founding father of capitalism
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| Nationalism | the belief that the world should be divided into nation states
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| Feminism | a movement advocating for the rights and equality of women
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| Anarchism | a movement adcocating for the end of the employer-employee relations
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| British East India Co. | a company founded in 17th century that would later conquer India
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| Sepoy Mutiny | a mutiny over British East India Co.'s toops
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| Toussaint Louverture | leader of the Haitian Revolution
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| Simon Bolivar | major player in the anti-spain revolutions (northern)- founded venezuela
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| Opium Wars | 2 wars fought over chinese trade resistance with European traders
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| Taiping Rebellion | a large psuedo-protestant rebellion in 1850s china
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| Russo-Japanese War | a war between Russia and Japan in which Japan won
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| Meiji Restoration | the period after the overthrow of the tokugawa shogun- rapid industrialization
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| Olympe de Gouges | the author of an early proto-feminist doc. during the french Revolution
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| NATO (North Atlantic treaty org.) | alliance developed by the US to protect its allies
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| Self-determination | the belief that each nation should determine its own destiny
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| Armenian Genocide | Genocide commited by the Ottoman Empire from 1915-1923
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| Adolf Hitler | leader of Nazi Germany
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| Zionism | the historical belief that a jewish state should be established
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| NATO (North Atlantic treaty org.) | alliance developed by the US to protect its allies
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| Self-determination | the belief that each nation should determine its own destiny
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| Armenian Genocide | Genocide commited by the Ottoman Empire from 1915-1923
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| Adolf Hitler | leader of Nazi Germany noted for mass murder
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| Zionism | the historical belief that a jewish state should be established
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| Benito Mussolini | leader of facist Italy
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| Facism | form of government marked by military and police coercion
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| Totalitarianism | government uses total control & mass media to try to control people's thoughts
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| Russian Revolution | the revolution that deposed the last tsar of Russia
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| Vladimir Lenin | the first leader of the Soviet Union
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| Josef Stalin | the leader of S.U. during WWII noted for mass murder
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| Collectivization | organization of the countryside into comunes
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| Nationalization | the appropriation of private property in a nation-state
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| Moa Zedong | first leader of Communist China- great leap forward/Cultural Revolution
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| Great Leap forward | a failed attempt at collectivizing and industrializing the chinese countruside
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| Cultural Revolution | a rebelion against not-communist-enough intellectuals and members of the Communist party
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| Great Depression | FAB all down
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| 5 year plan | plans for the centrally administered economies of China and the SU
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| WWII | started with hitler annexing czechloslovakia
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| Blitzkrieg | name given to the strategy of the mechanized german invasions
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| Holocaust | Nazi genocide
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| UN | organization founded after WWII
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| Palestine | former territory of the Ottoman Empire
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| Israel | state founded in 1948 following a civil war in palestine
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| Cold War | series of proxy wars and military build-up between the US and USSR
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| Containment | a stratagy taken by the US to prevent the spread of communism
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| Berlin Wall | built by the east germany to stop their citizens from deflecting
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| Fidel Castro | the leader of Socialist Cuba
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| Cuban Missile Crisis | an international incident following the US learning about the soviet plan to build a missile base in cuba
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| Liberation theology | a catholic ideology promoting pan-Islamic unity and creating islamic states
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| Green Revolution | a technological revolution that vastly increased world food production with genetically engineered food
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| Muslim Brotherhood | An organization aimed at promoting pan-Islamic unity and creating Islamic states.
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| Korean War | A war fought between China and North Korea on one side and a UN peacekeeping force and South Korea on the other.
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| Deng Xiaoping | The leader of China from 1977 to 1997. Known for improving relations with the United States and Europe as well as implementing limited capitalist reforms
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| Mikhail Gorbachev | the last leader of the Soviet Union. Known for relaxing censorship and police powers.
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| Glasnost | Gorbachev's policy of "openness," in which censorship was reduced and many government documents were made public
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| Perestoika | Gorbachev's policy of "restructuring" or implementing free market reforms
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| Rwanda Genocide | Genocide committed by the Hutu ethnic group against the Tutsi ethnic group in Rwanda
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| Gulf War | War between the United States, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia on one side and Iraq on the other
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