Anatomy and Terminology
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| Epidermis | Outermost layer; containing keratin
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| Stratum Corneum | Most superficial layer of four layers of the epidermis called stratum.
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| Basal Layer | Deepest region of epidermis
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| Stratum Germinativum or Stratum Basale | The growth layer of the stratum.
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| Dermis | The second layer of skin
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| Two layers of the dermis | The Papillare layer and the Reticulare layer
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| The Integumentary System consists of: | Fibrous connective tissue or skin appendages
Blood vessels; Nerves; Hair; Nails; Glands
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| Subcutaneous Tissue or Hypodermis | Not considered a layer of skin. Contains fat tissue and fibrous connective tissue.
AKA: Superficial fascia
Connects skin to underlying muscle
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| Nails | Keratin plates covering dorsal surface of each finger and toe.
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| Lunula | Semilunar or half-moon.
White area at base of nail plate is growth area.
Thickens and lengthens nail.
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| Eponychium | Cuticle: Narrow band of epidermis at base and sides of nail.
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| Paronychium | Soft tissue around nail border.
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| Sebaceous Glands | Located in the dermal layer.
Secrete sebum that lubricates skin/hair
Influenced by sex hormones so they hypertrophy in adolescence & atrophy in old age.
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| Sudoriferous Glands | Originates in dermis. AKA: Sweat Glands
Extend up through epidermis opening as pores. Secrete mostly water & salts to cool body.
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| aden/o | in relationship to a gland
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| adip/o | fat
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| albin/o | white
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| aut/o | self
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| bi/o | life
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| caus/o | burning sensation
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| cauter/o | burn
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| crypt/o | hidden
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| cutane/o | skin
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| cyan/o | blue
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| derm/o, dermat/o | skin
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| diaphor/o | profuse sweating
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| eosin/o | rosy
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| erythem/o | red
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| erythr/o | red
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| heter/o | different
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| hidr/o | sweat
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| ichthy/o | dry/scaly
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| jaund/o | yellow
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| kerat/o | hard
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| leuk/o | white
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| lip/o | fat
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| lute/o | yellow
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| melan/o | black
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| myc/o | fungus
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| necr/o | death
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| onych/o | nail
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| pachy/o | thick
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| pht/o | plant
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| pil/o | hair
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| poli/o | gray matter
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| py/o | pus
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| rhytid/o | wrinkle
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| rube/o | red
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| seb/o | sebum/oil
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| staphyl/o | clusters
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| steat/o | fat
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| strept/o | twisted chain
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| squam/o | flat/scalelike
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| trich/o | hair
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| ungu/o | nail
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| xanth/o | yellow
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| xer/o | dry
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| epi- | on/upon
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| hyper- | over
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| hypo- | under
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| intra- | within
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| para- | beside
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| per- | through
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| peri- | surrounding
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| sub- | under
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| -coccus | spherical bacterium
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| -ectomy | removal
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| -ia | condition
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| -malacia | softening
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| -opsy | view of
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| -plasty | surgical repair
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| -rrhea | discharge
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| -tome | an instrument to cut
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| -tomy | to cut
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| bx | biopsy
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| ca | cancer
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| derm | dermatology
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| I | incision and drainage
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| subcu, subq, SC, SQ | subcutaneous
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| PPD | tuberculin skin test
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| Absence | Without
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| Adipose | Fatty
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| Albinism | Lack of color pigment
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| Allograft | Homograft, same species graft
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| Alopecia | Condition in which hair falls out
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| Anhidrosis | Deficiency of sweat
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| Autograft | From patient's own body
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| Avulsion | Ripping or tearing away of part either surgically or accidentally
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| Biopsy | Removal of a small piece of living tissue for diagnostic purposes
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| Causalgia | Burning pain
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| Collagen | Protein substance of skin
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| Debridement | Cleansing of or removal of dead tissue from a wound
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| Delayed flap | Pedicle of skin with blood supply that is separated from origin over time
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| Dermabrasion | Planing of skin by jeans of sander, brush, or sandpaper
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| Dermatologist | Physician who treats conditions of skin
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| Dermatoplasty | Surgical repair of skin
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| Electrocautery | Cauterization by means of heated instrument
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| Epidermolysis | Loosening of epidermis
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| Epidermomycosis | Superficial fungal infection
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| Epithelium | Surface covering of internal and external organs of body
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| Erythema | Redness of skin
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| Esharotomy | Surgical incision into necrotic (dead) tissue
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| Fissure | Cleft or groove
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| Free full-thickness graft | Graft of epidermis and dermis that is completely removed from donor area.
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| Furuncle | Nodule in skin caused by Staphylococcus entering through hair follicle.
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| Hematoma | A localized collection of blood, usually result of a break in a blood vessel.
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| Hemograft | Allograft, same species graft
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| Ichthyosis | Skin disorder characterized by scaling
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| Incise | To cut into
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| Island pedicle flap | Contains a single artery and vein that remains attached to origin temporarily or permanently
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| Leukoderma | Depigmentation of skin
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| Leukoplakia | White patch on mucous membrane
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| Lipocyte | Fat cell
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| Lipoma | Fatty tumor
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| Melanin | Dark pigment of skin
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| Melanoma | Tumor of epidermis, malignant and black in color
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| Mohs surgery or Mohs micrographic surgery | Removal of skin cancer in layers by a surgeon who also acts as a pathologist during surgery.
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| Muscle flap | Transfer of muscle from origin to recipient site
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| Neurovascular flap | Contains artery, vein, and nerve
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| Pedicle | Growth attached with a stem
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| Pilosebaceous | Pertains to hair follicles and sebaceous glands
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| Sebaceous gland | Secretes sebum
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| Seborrhea | Excess sebum secretion
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| Sebum | Oily substance
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| Split-thickness graft | All epidermis and some of dermis
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| Steatoma | Fat mass in sebaceous gland
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| Stratified | Layered
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| Stratum (strata) | Layer
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| Subungual | Beneath the nail
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| Xanthoma | tumor composed of cells containing lipid material, yellow in color.
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| Xenograft | Different species graft
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| Xeroderma | Dry, discolored, scaly skin
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| Macule | Flat area of color change (mostly reddened)
No elevation or depression Ex: flat moles, freckles
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| Papule | Solid elevation. Less than 1.0 cm in diameter. May run together and form plaques. Ex: warts, lichen planus, elevated mole.
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| Nodule | Solid elevation 1-2 cm in diameter. Extends deeper into dermis than papule. Ex: lipoma, erythema nodosum, enlarged lymph nodes.
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| Pustule | elevated area. filled with purulent fluid. Ex: pimple, impetigo, abscess.
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| Tumor | Solid mass. Uncontrolled, progressive growth of cells. Ex: hemangioma, neoplasm; lipoma.
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| Plaque | Flat, elevated surface. Equal or greater than 1.0 cm. Ex: psoriasis, seborrheic keratosis.
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| Wheal | Temporary localized elevation of skin. Results in transient edema in dermis. Ex: Insect bite, allergic reaction.
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| Vesicle | Small blister. Less than 1 cm in diameter. Filled with serous fluid in epidermis. Ex: Herpes Zoster (shingles), varicella (chickenpox)
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| Bulla | Large blister. Greater than 1.0 cm in diameter Ex: blister
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| Scales | Flakes of cornified skin layer. Ex: dry skin
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| Crust | Dried exudate on skin Ex: scab
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| Fissure | Cracks in skin. Ex: Athlete's foot, openings in corners of mouth
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| Erosion | Loss of epidermis. Does not extend into dermis. Example: blisters
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| Scar | Excess collagen production following surgery or trauma. Ex: Healed surgical wound
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| Atrophy | Loss of some portion of skin and appears translucent. Ex: Aged skin Not a lesion, but a physiologic response in aging process
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| Ulcer | Area of destruction of entire epidermis.
Ex: Missing tissue on heel, decubitus bedsore (pressure sore)
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| Pressure Ulcer, AKA: Decubitis Ulcer | Result of pressure or force.
Occludes blood flow, causing ischemia and tissue death.
Develops over bony prominence.
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| Locations of pressure ulcers: | Coccygeal (end of spine)
Sacral (between hips)
Heel
Elbow
Ischial (lower hip)
Trochanteric (outer hip)
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| Pressure Sores: Staging or Classification System | Stage 1: Erythema (redness) of skin
Stage 2: Partial loss of skin (epidermis or dermis)
Stage 3: Full thickness loss of skin (up to but not through fascia)
Stage 4: Full thickness loss (extensive destruction & necrosis)
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| Keloids | Sharply elevated, irregularly shaped scars that progressively enlarge.
Due to excessive collagen in corneum during connective tissue repair.
Result of tissue repair or trauma
Familial tendency for formation
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| Cicatrix | Normal scar left after wound healing
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| Atopic Dermatitis: Unknown etiology | Exogenous (external) causes include:
Irritant dermatitis
Allergic contact dermatitis
Endogenous (internal) cause includes:
Seborrheic dermatitis
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| Atopic Dermatitis results in activation of: | Mast cells
Eosinophils
T lymphocytes
Monocytes
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| Atopic Dermatitis is greater in those with family history of: | Asthma
Dry skin
Eczema
Allergic rhinitis
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| Atopic Dermatitis is common in: | Children
Infants
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| Atopic Dermatitis results in: | Chronic inflammation
Scratching
Erythema
Thickened, leathery skin (lichenification)
Secondary Staphylococcus aureus infection
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| Atopic Dermatitis treatments include: | Topical steroid
Antibiotic for secondary infection
Antihistamines
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