Chapter 21 Q & A
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| What are the forms of carbohydrates? | Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides
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| What is the function of carbohydrates? | Primary source of energy for the body
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| What are the forms of lipids? | Saturated fats and unsaturated fats
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| What is the function of lipids? | Enables absorption of certain vitamins, contributes to cellular structure, and insulates and protects the body
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| What are monosaccharides? | Simple sugars, taste sweet, absorbed through the small intestine without being broken down, and include glucose, fructose, and galactose
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| What are disaccharides? | Simple sugars, broken down into monosaccharides during digestion, and include sucrose, lactose, and maltose
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| What are polysaccharides? | Complex carbs, starches in vegetables, grains, potatoes, and legumes, and includes cellulose
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| What are saturated fats? | Derived mainly from animals; solid at room temps; meat, egg yolks, and dairy; hydrogenated oils such as margarine and shortening
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| What are unsaturated fats? | Liquid at room temp; nuts, seeds, and vegetable oils
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| What is trans fat? | Saturated fat found in commercial baked goods and snack foods. Results when hydrogen is added to liquid vegetable shortening during food processing to make it more solid
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| What are the risks of trans fats? | They increase the risk for heart attack and stroke
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| What are the forms of protein? | Complete and incomplete
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| What are complete proteins? | Foods that supply all the amino acids. These are derived mainly from animal sources such as meat, fish, eggs, and dairy
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| What are incomplete proteins? | Foods that lack 1 or more essential amino acids. These come from plant sources such as nuts, grains, and legumes
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| What is the function of proteins? | They build tissue, bone, hair, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, skin, and nails. Also make up antibodies, hormones, hemoglobin, etc.
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| What are water-soluble vitamins? | Absorbed in water in the small intestine then dissolved in body fluids and excreted by the kidneys. These are not stored in the body so there is only a slight risk of toxicity
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| What are fat-soluble vitamins? | Absorbed with dietary fat, then stored in the liver and fat tissues until needed. Megadosing may lead to toxicity.
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| What is the function of vitamin C? | A water-soluble vitamin found in citrus fruits and green vegetables, it aids in iron absorption, wound healing, synthesis of collagen, an antioxidant, and RBC formation
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| What is the function of vitamin B1? | A water-soluble vitamin found in red meat, eggs, and legumes, its function is carb metabolism, blood formation, circulation, CNS maintenance
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| What is the function of vitamin B2? | A water-soluble vitamin found in meat, eggs, whole grains, legumes, its function is energy metabolism, cell respiration, epithelial, eye, and mucosal tissue maintenance
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| What is the function of vitamin B3? | A water-soluble vitamin found in meat, fish, legumes, & grains, its function is circulation, cholesterol level reduction, growth, stimulates CNS, metabolism of carbs, protein, & fat
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| What is the function of vitamin B6? | A water-soluble vitamin found in red meat, fish, green vegetables, & whole grains, its function helps in metabolism of amino acids & unsaturated fatty acids, antibody formation, DNA & RNA synthesis
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| What is the function of vitamin B9? | A water-soluble vitamin found in vegetables & liver, its function is synthesis of DNA, catabolism of lipids & amino acids, cell growth & reproduction, RBC formation
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| What is the function of vitamin B12? | A water-soluble vitamin found in red meat, eggs, & milk, its function is the formation & maturation of RBCs & nerve cell maintenance
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| What is the function of biotin? | A water-soluble vitamin found in raw egg yolks, liver, peanuts, & tomatoes, its function is necessary for cell growth, the production of fatty acids, & the metabolism of fats & amino acids
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| What is the function of vitamin A? | A fat-soluble vitamin found in fish oil, eggs, & green & yellow vegetables, its function is growth, night vision, & maintenance of epithelial tissue
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| What is the function of vitamin D? | A fat-soluble vitamin found in fish oils, eggs, milk, & liver, its function is calcium & phosphorus absorption & metabolism, development of bones & teeth, & normal blood clotting
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| What is the function of vitamin E? | A fat-soluble vitamin found in fish oil, eggs, milk, & seed oils, its function is an antioxidant, normal muscle function, fetal development, & myocardial perfusion
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| What is the function of vitamin K? | A fat-soluble vitamin found in vegetables such as cabbage, spinach, & tomatoes, its function is essential for normal blood clotting
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| What is the function of calcium? | A major mineral found in dairy , greens, legumes, & sardines, its function is the formation of bones & teeth, blood clotting, muscle contraction & relaxation, & nerve function
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| What is the function of phosphorus? | A major mineral found in meat, fish, poultry, eggs, milk, & grains, its function is the formation of bones & teeth, cell growth & repair, & aid in acid-base balance
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| What is the function of magnesium? | A major mineral found in meat, seafood, nuts, legumes, & grains, its function is muscle relaxation & nerve pulse transmission, & protein synthesis
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| What is the function of sodium? | A major mineral found in table salt, meat, seafood, & milk, its function is fluid balance, nerve & muscle function, & cell remeability
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| What is the function of potassium? | A major mineral found in potatoes, melons, citrus fruit, bananas, meat, most fruits & vegetables, its function is nerve muscle function, acid-base balance, & cardiac rhythm
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| What is the function of iron? | A trace mineral found in liver, red meat, egg yolks, nuts, & legumes, its function is hemoglobin production
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| What is the function of iodine? | A trace mineral found in seafood & iodized salt, its function is thyroid hormone production & physical & mental development
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| What is the function of selenium? | A trace mineral found in grains, meat, fish, & dairy, its function is an antioxidant & immune mechanisms
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| What is the function of zinc? | A trace mineral found in meat, seafood, & whole grains, its function is wound healing, nutrient metabolism, & carb digestion
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| What is the function of copper? | A trace mineral found in legumes, grains, nuts, & organ meats, its function is a component of many enzymes
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| What is the function of fluoride? | A trace mineral found in fluoridated drinking water, seafood, & seaweed, its function is the formation of bones & teeth
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| What is the function of manganese? | A trace mineral found in greens, legumes, & grains, its function is formation of bone & activation of some enzymes
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| What are heat cramps? | Painful muscle spasms from excessive loss of electrolytes through sweat
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| What is heat exhaustion? | Prolonged exposure to high temperatures without adeqate fluid replacement
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| What are the symptoms of heat exhaustion? | Dizziness, headache, muscle cramps, nausea or vomiting, & fainting
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| What is heat stroke? | A life-threatening condition when the boy's temperature reaches 104F or higher. It requires immediate medical attention to avoid brain damge, organ failure, or death
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| What are the symptoms of heat stroke? | Hot, dry, flushed skin; headache; rapid heart rate; muscle cramps or weakness. Seizures, hallucinations, or unconsciousness may also occur
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| What is hypothermia? | The body's temperature falls below 95F. If the body's temperature falls below 90F, death usually occurs
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| What are the symptoms of hypothermia? | Shivering, lack of coordination, slurred speech, confusion, & drowsiness
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