The Endocrine System
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| The endocrine system secretes | hormones.
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| The endocrine system works with the ______ _______ to control our entire body. | nervous system
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| Endocrine glands secrete directly into the | bloodstream (via the interstitial space)
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| Endocrine glands do not have | ducts.
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| Hormones | are chemicals that bring about a change in the body.
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| Hormones have specific effects on certain structures called | target organs or target tissues.
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| Hormones may affect several targets such as | adrenaline.
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| There are two basic types of chemistry hormones. | Protein-based and steriod.
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| Protein-based | can be long or short chains of amino acids or variations of single amino acids.
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| Steroids | are cholesterol derivatives. Examples Cortisol, aldosterone, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone.
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| Hormones bond to receptors on target cells. The receptors can be found in the | membrane, cytoplasm, or nucleus.
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| Protein hormones are two messenger mechanism. | The messengers stimulate a response.
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| The first messenger is the protein hormones bond to ________ receptors on the ___________ because they can't penetrate the cell membrane. | surface, membrane.
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| The second messenger __________ inside the cell. | activates
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| Protein hormones causes a response specific to that cell based on enzymes within the cell. Examples are | changes in membrane permeability to specific substances, increase in translation, activation of other enzymes, secretion of cellular products.
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| Steroids are lipis soluble therefore they _________ through the cell membrane. | diffuse
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| Steroid hormones then combine with receptors in the | cytoplasm.
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| The steroid-protein complex enters the nucleus. Then it activates specific genes to initiate | transcription and then translation.
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| Cells of the endocrine glands respond to chemical changes, other __________, or _____ ______ stimulation. | hormones, nervous system.
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| Most hormones use negative feedback | once a hormone brings about its affect, the hormones is inhibited from being release.
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| Some hormones are controlled by releasing hormones. | It is released to cause other hormones to be released. And anterior pituitary hormones are released this way.
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| Antagonistic pairs | some hormones have an antagonistic pair that affects tissues in an opposite way.
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| Pituitary gland also known as | hypophysis
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| Pituitary gland hangs by a short stalk called the | infundibulum from the hypothalamus.
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| Pituitary gland is enclosed in the sella turcica in the ________ bone. | sphenoid.
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| Pituitary gland regulates many body functions and is divided into 2 parts | the anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary.
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| Anterior pituitary also known as | adenohypophysis (pituitary gland)
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| anterior pituitary is made of | grandular tissue.
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| Adenohypophysis is regulated by releaseing hormones from the hypothalamus. It is secreted through the | hypophyseal portal system.
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| Growth hormone also known as | GH or somatropin (body development)
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| Growth hormone | promotes growth by various means including increasing the cells ability to produce proteins for building tissue.
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| Thyroid stimulating also known as | TSH or thyrotropin (thyroid development)
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| Thyroid stimulating | stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete it's hormones.
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| Adrenocorticotrophic hormone also know as | ACTH
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| Adrenocorticotrophic | stimulates release of hormones from the adrenal cortex.
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| Prolactin | initiates and maintains milk production.
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| Follicle stimulating hormone | stimulates the growth of the ovarian follicle in women and sperm production in men.
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| Follicle stimulating hormone also known as | FSH
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| Luteining hormone also known as | LH
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| Luteining hormone | stimulates the follicle to ovulate in women and the testes to secrete testosterone in men.
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| Posterior pituitary also known as | neurohypophysis
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| Neurohypophysis | extends from the nerve tissue of the hypothalamus.
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| Posterior pituitary has only have 2 hormones | Antidiuretic hormone and Oxytocin.
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| Antidiuretic hormone also known as | ADH or vasopressin
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| ADH/Vasopressin | helps maintain BP.
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| Antidiuretic hormone | decreases urine formation ans sweating and is release stimulated by decrease water concentration in the blood (dehydration)
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| The hypothalamus transmits nerve impulses through the ______________________ to the posterior pituitary to inccrease ADH secretion. | hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract
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| During major blood loss ADH is released in large amounts and causes | vasocontriction.
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| Alcohol intake ________ ADH secretion.Thirst and dizziness result and are called "Hangover". | decrease
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| Oxytocin stinulates uterine contraction | as the cervix is stretched it trigger the hypothalamus. It stimulates more contractions. It is a positive feedback (giving birth)
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| Infant suckling stimulates the hypothalamus which triggers oxytocin release from the hypothalamus which triggers the oxytocin from the pituitary which triggers milk | release or let-down. (prolactin)
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| Pineal gland releases | melatonin.
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| Pineal gland is stimulated by | darkness and it creates sleepiness.
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| Thymus gland | secretes thymosin and thymopoietin that develops the immune system by inducing immune cell production.
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| Thymus gland and hormones that developS | immune cells.
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| Thyroid gland has structural units of the thyroid are called | thyroid follicles.
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| Thyroid follicles produces | T3 and T4
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| T3 | triiodothyronine contains 2 iodine atoms.
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| T4 | thyroxine contains 4 iodine atoms.
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| T3 and T4 | increases energy production and protein synthesis.
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| T3 and T4 release is stimulated by | TSH from the anterior pituitary.
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| Calcitonin maintains normal blood levels of calcium and phosphate by | decreasing reabsorption of calcium and phosphate from the bones to the blood, lowering th eblood levels.
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| Calcitonin is stimulated by | hypercalcemia (High Blood Calcium)
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| CALCITONIN IN THE BONE-IN | PUT CALCIUM IN THE BONE.
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| Parathyroid hormone also known as | PTH
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| Parathyroid hormone is an antagonist to calcitonin, it _________ clood calcium and phosphate. | increases.
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| Parathyroid hormone targets the bones, small intestine, and kidneys. It ___________ demineralization of bone and Ca++ absorption from food. | increases
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| Parathyroid hormone is stimulated by | hypocalcemia (low blood calcium)
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| Adrenal glands also known as | Suprarenal glands.
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| Adrenal glands are divided into 2 parts | cortex and medulla.
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| Adrenal medulla its secretion are said to be | parasympathetic.
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| Adrenal medulla mimic (& prolong) the effects of the | sympathetic nerous system.
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| Adrenal medulla secretes | epinephrine and norepinephrine; during stressful situations.
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| Norepinephrine also known as | noradrenalin
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| Norepinephrine is release in small amounts and causes vasoconstriction in the skin, viscera, and skeletal muscle to quickly | raise BP.
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| Epinephrine also known as | adrenalin.
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| Epinephrine secretes in large amount and it increases ____ and _______ of contraction. | HR, force
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| Epinepherine vasoconstriction in | skin and viscera.
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| Epinephrine vasodilation in | skeletal muscles.
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| Epinephrine dialates | bronchioles.
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| Epinephrine decreases | peristalsis.
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| Epinephrine stimulates | glycogenolysis and glucogenesis from lipids.
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| Epinephrine increases | cell respiration.
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| Epinephrine is stronger than | SNS.
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| Adrenal Cortex secretes 3 types of steroid hormones | Mineralocorticoids, gluccorticoids, and sex hormones.
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| Sex hormones are produces in | small amounts.
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| Sex hormones in females are called | estrogen.
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| sex hormones in males are called | androgen.
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| Aldosterone is the most abundant | mineralocorticoid.
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| Aldosterone primarily targets the kidneys to | increase blood volume and BP.
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| Cortisol is gluccocorticoid that | increases glycogeneis from lipids and excess aminoacids.It conserves glucose foruse by the brain.
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| Anti-inflammatory blocks | histamine.
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| Histamine increases capillary _________ and allows lysozymes to spread. | permeability.
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| Regulation is released during times of | physical or psychological stress.
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| ACTH from the anterior pituitary... | CRH increases-ACTH increases-Cortisol.
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| Pancreas is both | exocrine and endocrine gland.
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| Pancreas funstional units are | islets of langerhans or pancreatic islets that are made up of 3 types of cells.
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| The 3 pancreatic islets cells are | Alpha, beta, and delta.
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| Alpha cells | produce glucagon.
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| Beta cells | produce insulin.
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| Delta cells | somatostatin-inhibits release of glucagon and insulin.
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| WHEN GLUCOSE IS GONE | GLUCAGON.
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| Glucagon stimulates liver to begin _________ and use lipids and amino acids for energy by glucogenesis. | glycogenolysis
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| Insulin _________ blood sugar by increasing permeability of cells to glucose and stimulating ___________ in the liver and muscles. | decrease, glycogenesis
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| The _____, _________, and _______ do not need insulin to absorb glucose. | brain, liver, kidneys
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| Prostaglandins are made virtually all cells from ____________ of their cell membranes. | phospolipids.
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| Prostaglandins local action do not | circulate in the blood.
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