Chapter 9 The Muscular System
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| muscular system | includes the skeletal muscles and accessory structures
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| functions of muscular system | provides mobility, provides movement, and produces heat
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| endomysium | delicate connective tissue covering each muscle fiber
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| fascicles | bundles of muscle fiber
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| fascicles | surrounded by perimysiium and bundled into the muscle
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| epimysium | connective tissue covering that surrounds muscles as a whole and binds all muscle fibers together
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| contraction | what muscle cells are specialized for
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| muscle fibers | only shorten to produce movement
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| tendons | anchor muscle to bone and other muscles
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| tendons | made of dense fibrous connective tissue and a continuation of deep fascia
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| tendons | merge with the periosteum to anchor to bone
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| sarcolemma | special name for the cell membrane of the muscle cell
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| sarcoplasm | special name for cytoplasm of muscle cell
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| sarcoplasm | filled with myofibrils and contain sarcomeres
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| sarcomeres | the unit of contraction of the myofibrils of the muscle
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| myofibrils | long protein bundles that fill the sarcoplasm of a muscle fiber
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| muscle fiber | a skeletal muscle cell
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| myofilaments | fine protein fibers that make up a myofibril
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| z-disc | protein backbone that anchors actin filaments
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| actin filaments | thin contractile proteins that interact with myosin
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| myosin filaments | thicker contractile proteins
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| tintin filaments | protein that anchors myosin to the z-disc
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| actin | forms a cross-bride with myosin which shortens the sarcomere
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| troponin and tropomyosin | inhibitory proteins that prevent contraction when relaxed
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| tropomyosin and troponin | attach to actin and block myosin from forming a cross bridge
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| motor nerve | end at each muscle fiber
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| axon terminal | enlarged end of the motor neuron and contains sacs of neurotransmitter acetylcholine
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| acetylcholine | chemical messenger released from the end of a motor neuron
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| synapse | the junction between the axon terminal and the muscle fiber sarcolemma
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| exocytosis | when ACh is released across the synapse
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| receptors | ACh attaches to this in the sarcolemma
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| electrical impulse | ACH causes this in the sarcolemma
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| cholinesterase | deactivates ACh
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| T-Tubules | tubes that allow signals to travel into the cell
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| sarcoplasmic reticulum | stores calcium ions, ER of muscle cell
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| contraction | when myosin binds to actin
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| origin | where the muscle originates, usually the more stationary of the two ends
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| belly | the thick middle part of a muscle
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| insertion | opposite end of the origin, crosses at least one joint from the origin
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| insertion | determines what the action of the muscle is
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| heads | in muscles with more than one belly
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| action | the movement a muscle causes when it contracts
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| prime mover (protagonist) | the primary muscle that brings about the desired movement
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| antagonist | the muscle that does the opposite of the prime mover
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| synergist | secondary muscles that bring about the desired movement. assists the prime mover
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| thermogenesis | heat production from normal muscle metabolism
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| thermogenesis | is due to friction and chemical reactions, increased with increased activity
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| maximus | largest
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| minimus | smallest
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| major | large
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| minor | small
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| longus | long
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| brevis | short
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| deltoid | triangular
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| rhomboid | diamond shaped
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| sarratus | sawtoothed
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| trapezius | trapezoidal
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| pectoralis | chest
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| brachio | upper arm
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| radialis | radius bone
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| gluteus | buttock
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| femoris | femur
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| sterno | sternum
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| cleido | clavicle
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| mastoid | mastoid process
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| digiti | fingers or toes
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| pollicis | thumb
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| hallicus | big toe
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| lateralis | lateral
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| medialis | medial
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| intermedium | middle
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| profundus | deep
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| superficialis | superficial
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| biceps | 2 heads
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| triceps | 3 heads
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| quadriceps | 4 heads
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| rectus | straight
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| transverse | sideways/across
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| oblique | diagonal
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| adductor | adducts
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| abductor | abducts
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| flexor | flexes
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| extensor | extends
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| levator | elevates
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| head and neck | frontalis, orbicularis oculi, masseter, temporalis, sternocleidomastoid and orbicularis oris
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| abdominal wall | rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique, transverse abdominis, and line alba
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| shoulder and back | deltoid, pectoralis major, serratus anterior, latissimus dorsi, and trapezius
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| upper extremity | brachialis, biceps brachii, triceps brachii, brachioradialis, hand and digit extensors, and hand and digit flexors
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| quadriceps femoris | rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, and vastus medialis
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| glutes | gluetus maximus, gluteus medius, and gluteus minimus
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| hamstrings | biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus
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| calf | gastrocnemeus, soleus and plantaris
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| foot and toe extensors | tibalis anterior
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| plantaris | 25% of population does not have one
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