A&P Ch5 Integumentary
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| Cutaneous Membrane is made up of these two components | Epidermis (superficial epithelium) and Dermis (underlying connective tissues)
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| Name the 3 accessory structures located primarily in the dermis and protruding through the epidermis to the skin surface | Hair, Nails, and Exocrine glands
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| What is the name for the tissue that is deep to the dermis but superficial to deep fascia and organs like muscles and bones. | Hypodermis, aka superficial fascia, aka subcutaneous layer of skin
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| What are the functions of the skin and hypodermis? | Protection, excretion, temp control, lipid storage, stimuli detection, D synthesis, production of keratin and melanin
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| What type of tissue makes up the epidermis | Stratified squamous epithelium. Avascular.
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| What are the body's most abundant epithelial cells, and where are they found? | Keratinocytes, 4 layers in thin skin, 5 layers in thick.
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| In order from the basement membrane, name the skin strata. | Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum (in thick), stratum corneum
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| Another word for stratum basale | stratum germinativum
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| What are the names of the extensions into the epidermis and dermis that form invisible contours and fingerprints? | Epidermal ridges and dermal papillae
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| Basal, or germinative, cells dominate the stratum basale. They are a special type of cell whose divisions replace superficial keratinocytes called... | Stem cells
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| Merkel cells are found in what skin? | Skin lacking hair, they are sensitive to touch.
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| Above the stratum basale, these cells are named for their pincushion appearance caused by keratinization and remaining desmosomes. | Stratum Spinosum
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| What is the purpose of dendritic/Langerhans cells and where are they? | In the Stratum Spinosum, they participate in immune response against microbes and superficial skin cancers.
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| This layer, superficial to the stratum spinosum, is 3-5 layers of cells that don't divide but make keratin and keratohyalin. | Stratum Granulosum
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| What is keratohyalin? | Surrounds keratin fibers, promote dehydration, aggregation, and cross-linking.
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| This layer has cells that are flattened, densely packed, largely devoid of organelles, and filled with Keratin. What and where is it? | Stratum Lucidum, between the S. Granulosum and S. Corneum of thick skin on palms and soles.
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| The 15-30 superficial layers of keratinized cells form this layer. Also, what is the other name for the formation of a protective superficial layer? | Stratum corneum, cornification
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| How is the dry surface layer of the S. Corneum maintained? | Lipid secretions from sebaceous glands
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| What is insensible perspiration? | Unseen, unfelt loss of about 500mL (1pt) of evaporated interstitial fluid.
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| word meaning excessively dry skin | Xerosis
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| What colors are the pigments Carotene and Melanin, and where do we get them? | Carotene is orange and comes from orange vegetables. Melanin is yellow-brown to black and is produced by melanocytes in the basale.
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| Why do some people have darker skin? | The melanosomes are larger and they transfer melanosomes as far up as S. granulosum
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| Lentigos are like freckles but are due to irregular melanocytes. What do we call them on older individuals with pale skin? | Senile lentigos, or liver spots
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| How does UV exposure cause wrinkling? | it harms fibroblasts, impairing maintenance of dermis.
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| When exposed to sunlight, epidermal cells in the s. spinosum and s. Basale turn a sterol into vitamin D, also known as... | Cholecalciferol
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| The liver converts cholecalciferol into an intermediate, which the kidneys use to synthesize calcitriol, which does what? | Allows for normal absorption of Ca and P by the small intestine. Not enough will impair bone growth/maintenance or cause rickets.
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| Name the peptide growth factor that promotes divisions of basal cells in s. basale and s. spinosum, accelerates keratinization, and stimulates glandular secretions | Epidermal Growth Factor
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| Name the 2 layers of the dermis | Superficial papillary, deeper reticular
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| Which dermal layer consists of areolar tissues, capillaries, lymphatics, and sensory neurons. | Papillary, named from dermal papillae that project between epidermal ridges.
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| Which dermal layer consists of dense irregular connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers that extend up into the papillary layer and down into the hypodermis? | Reticular layer
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| Name for inflammation of the skin that primarily involves the papillary layer | Dermatitis
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| Properties of flexibility and resilience from elastin and collagen respectively, are collectively known as... | skin turgor, which is maintained by water content
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| Drug derivative of vitamin A | Tretinoin, aka Retin-A
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| Parallel bundles oriented to resist forces applied to skin during normal movement | Cleavage (tension) lines
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| Name of the network of arteries along the border of the hypodermis and reticular layer | Cutaneous plexus
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| Name of network of small arteries branching to provide epidermis-dermis boundary with blood | Papillary plexus
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| Deeper layers of the epidermis contain tactile cells monitored by monitored by sensory terminals known as... | tactile discs
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| Receptors sensitive to light touch | tactile corpuscles, in dermal papillae
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| Receptors sensitive to deep pressure and vibration | Lamellated corpuscles, in reticular layer
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| The hypodermis is quite elastic, consisting of these two tissues... | areolar and adipose
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| Why are accessory structures like hair, sebaceous and sweat glands, and nails called "epidermal derivatives"? | During embryological development these structures originate from the epidermis
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| In the dermis, each follicle is wrapped in a dense connective tissue sheath of sensory nerves called a... | root hair plexus
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| What anchors the hair into the skin | Hair root
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| "peach fuz" (velvet) | Vellus hairs
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| Heavy, deeply pigmented hairs | Terminal hairs
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| Sebaceous glands are holocrine glands that discharge... | oily lipid secretions (sebum) into hair follicles or out through sebaceous follicles
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| Seborrheic dermatitis on babies | cradle cap
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| Name the two coiled, tubular sudoriferous (sweat) glands? | Apocrine and merocrine
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| When do apocrine glands begin secreting? | Puberty. It produces sticky, stinky armpit and crotch sweat.
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| How are apocrine secretions discharged? | Myoepithelial cells surround secretory cells
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| Another word for merocrine sweat glands | eccrine
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| These smaller, more abundant merocrine/eccrine sweat glands are responsible for what kind of perspiration? | Sensible. 99% water, slightly acidic pH, contains electrolytes.
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| Merocrine/eccrine sweat glands' purpose: | Cooling skin, excreting water and electrolytes, providing protection from environment (dermicidin=abx)
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| What type of glands are modified into mammary glands by sex and pituitary hormones? | Apocrine
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| Ceruminous (earwax) glands are modified from what type of glands? | Sweat
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| What controls the activation and deactivation of sebaceous glands and apocrine sweat glands? | Autonomic nervous system (subconscious)
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