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Nissing AP Ch5
A&P Ch5 Integumentary
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cutaneous Membrane is made up of these two components | Epidermis (superficial epithelium) and Dermis (underlying connective tissues) |
| Name the 3 accessory structures located primarily in the dermis and protruding through the epidermis to the skin surface | Hair, Nails, and Exocrine glands |
| What is the name for the tissue that is deep to the dermis but superficial to deep fascia and organs like muscles and bones. | Hypodermis, aka superficial fascia, aka subcutaneous layer of skin |
| What are the functions of the skin and hypodermis? | Protection, excretion, temp control, lipid storage, stimuli detection, D synthesis, production of keratin and melanin |
| What type of tissue makes up the epidermis | Stratified squamous epithelium. Avascular. |
| What are the body's most abundant epithelial cells, and where are they found? | Keratinocytes, 4 layers in thin skin, 5 layers in thick. |
| In order from the basement membrane, name the skin strata. | Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum (in thick), stratum corneum |
| Another word for stratum basale | stratum germinativum |
| What are the names of the extensions into the epidermis and dermis that form invisible contours and fingerprints? | Epidermal ridges and dermal papillae |
| Basal, or germinative, cells dominate the stratum basale. They are a special type of cell whose divisions replace superficial keratinocytes called... | Stem cells |
| Merkel cells are found in what skin? | Skin lacking hair, they are sensitive to touch. |
| Above the stratum basale, these cells are named for their pincushion appearance caused by keratinization and remaining desmosomes. | Stratum Spinosum |
| What is the purpose of dendritic/Langerhans cells and where are they? | In the Stratum Spinosum, they participate in immune response against microbes and superficial skin cancers. |
| This layer, superficial to the stratum spinosum, is 3-5 layers of cells that don't divide but make keratin and keratohyalin. | Stratum Granulosum |
| What is keratohyalin? | Surrounds keratin fibers, promote dehydration, aggregation, and cross-linking. |
| This layer has cells that are flattened, densely packed, largely devoid of organelles, and filled with Keratin. What and where is it? | Stratum Lucidum, between the S. Granulosum and S. Corneum of thick skin on palms and soles. |
| The 15-30 superficial layers of keratinized cells form this layer. Also, what is the other name for the formation of a protective superficial layer? | Stratum corneum, cornification |
| How is the dry surface layer of the S. Corneum maintained? | Lipid secretions from sebaceous glands |
| What is insensible perspiration? | Unseen, unfelt loss of about 500mL (1pt) of evaporated interstitial fluid. |
| word meaning excessively dry skin | Xerosis |
| What colors are the pigments Carotene and Melanin, and where do we get them? | Carotene is orange and comes from orange vegetables. Melanin is yellow-brown to black and is produced by melanocytes in the basale. |
| Why do some people have darker skin? | The melanosomes are larger and they transfer melanosomes as far up as S. granulosum |
| Lentigos are like freckles but are due to irregular melanocytes. What do we call them on older individuals with pale skin? | Senile lentigos, or liver spots |
| How does UV exposure cause wrinkling? | it harms fibroblasts, impairing maintenance of dermis. |
| When exposed to sunlight, epidermal cells in the s. spinosum and s. Basale turn a sterol into vitamin D, also known as... | Cholecalciferol |
| The liver converts cholecalciferol into an intermediate, which the kidneys use to synthesize calcitriol, which does what? | Allows for normal absorption of Ca and P by the small intestine. Not enough will impair bone growth/maintenance or cause rickets. |
| Name the peptide growth factor that promotes divisions of basal cells in s. basale and s. spinosum, accelerates keratinization, and stimulates glandular secretions | Epidermal Growth Factor |
| Name the 2 layers of the dermis | Superficial papillary, deeper reticular |
| Which dermal layer consists of areolar tissues, capillaries, lymphatics, and sensory neurons. | Papillary, named from dermal papillae that project between epidermal ridges. |
| Which dermal layer consists of dense irregular connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers that extend up into the papillary layer and down into the hypodermis? | Reticular layer |
| Name for inflammation of the skin that primarily involves the papillary layer | Dermatitis |
| Properties of flexibility and resilience from elastin and collagen respectively, are collectively known as... | skin turgor, which is maintained by water content |
| Drug derivative of vitamin A | Tretinoin, aka Retin-A |
| Parallel bundles oriented to resist forces applied to skin during normal movement | Cleavage (tension) lines |
| Name of the network of arteries along the border of the hypodermis and reticular layer | Cutaneous plexus |
| Name of network of small arteries branching to provide epidermis-dermis boundary with blood | Papillary plexus |
| Deeper layers of the epidermis contain tactile cells monitored by monitored by sensory terminals known as... | tactile discs |
| Receptors sensitive to light touch | tactile corpuscles, in dermal papillae |
| Receptors sensitive to deep pressure and vibration | Lamellated corpuscles, in reticular layer |
| The hypodermis is quite elastic, consisting of these two tissues... | areolar and adipose |
| Why are accessory structures like hair, sebaceous and sweat glands, and nails called "epidermal derivatives"? | During embryological development these structures originate from the epidermis |
| In the dermis, each follicle is wrapped in a dense connective tissue sheath of sensory nerves called a... | root hair plexus |
| What anchors the hair into the skin | Hair root |
| "peach fuz" (velvet) | Vellus hairs |
| Heavy, deeply pigmented hairs | Terminal hairs |
| Sebaceous glands are holocrine glands that discharge... | oily lipid secretions (sebum) into hair follicles or out through sebaceous follicles |
| Seborrheic dermatitis on babies | cradle cap |
| Name the two coiled, tubular sudoriferous (sweat) glands? | Apocrine and merocrine |
| When do apocrine glands begin secreting? | Puberty. It produces sticky, stinky armpit and crotch sweat. |
| How are apocrine secretions discharged? | Myoepithelial cells surround secretory cells |
| Another word for merocrine sweat glands | eccrine |
| These smaller, more abundant merocrine/eccrine sweat glands are responsible for what kind of perspiration? | Sensible. 99% water, slightly acidic pH, contains electrolytes. |
| Merocrine/eccrine sweat glands' purpose: | Cooling skin, excreting water and electrolytes, providing protection from environment (dermicidin=abx) |
| What type of glands are modified into mammary glands by sex and pituitary hormones? | Apocrine |
| Ceruminous (earwax) glands are modified from what type of glands? | Sweat |
| What controls the activation and deactivation of sebaceous glands and apocrine sweat glands? | Autonomic nervous system (subconscious) |
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jenissing
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