learning objective answers to heart
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| show | The middle mediastinum.
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| The apex of the heart projects in which direction? | show 🗑
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| What is the ligamentum arteriosum and what was its fetal function? | show 🗑
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| show | A band of cardiac muscle that stretches from the septal wall of the right ventricle to the base of the anterior papillary muscle. It contains Purkinje fibers so is thought to represent a shortcut for the conducting system of the heart.
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| Name the parts of the septum found between the right and left heart. | show 🗑
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| show | The foramen ovale. A fetal bypass for oxygenated blood, bypassing the right ventricle and lungs.
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| show | An AV valve consists of the cusp, the fibrous chordae tendineae and a papillary muscle. A semilunar valve consists of a fibrous cusp, a thin flexible edge on the cusp - the lunule and a geometric central portion of the lunule - the nodule.
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| Be able to name each cusp of the semilunar and A-V valves. | show 🗑
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| show | They contract to pull down on the chordae tendineae which in turn prevent the cusps of the AV valves from everting into the atria during contraction of the ventricle.
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| What is the fibrous skeleton of the heart? | show 🗑
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| What is the function of the fibrous skeleton? | show 🗑
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| How does the morphology of the fibrous skeleton differ around AV as opposed to semilunar valves? | show 🗑
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| show | T1 to T5.
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| show | Via the cardiac cervical rami.
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| Where do the parasympathetic fibers that penetrate this plexus come from? | show 🗑
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| show | Parasympathetic fibers slow heart rate, sympathetic fibers speed heart rate.
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| show | Parasympathetic fibers constrict smooth muscle, sympathetic fibers relax smooth muscle.
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| State the location of the SA node of the conduction system of the heart. | show 🗑
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| show | From the cardiac plexus - SA node - internodal fibers traverse the atrial wall - AV node - AV bundle to the top of the muscular interventricular septum - bundles of HIS spread impulse throughout entire left and right ventricular walls.
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| What cells comprise the bundles of His? | show 🗑
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| show | Cardiac muscle fibers (cells).
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| Between which two anatomical components of the right ventricle does the moderator (septomarginal) band extend? | show 🗑
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| show | Venous blood from the heart does not drain directly back to the right atrium but first drains to the coronary sinus which in turn drains to the right atrium - indirect venous drainage.
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| Name an exception to this indirect venous drainage - and the locations drained. | show 🗑
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| List the 3 arterial coronary anastomoses? | show 🗑
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| show | On the posterior surface (except for the interventricular septal ones).
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| What is the function of these anastomoses? | show 🗑
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| Which vessels primarily supply the muscular interventricular septum? | show 🗑
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| show | The left coronary artery is typically dominant.
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| State the location of the AV node of the conductions system of the heart. | show 🗑
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