Wk7 Ch 15
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| 3 parts of urinalysis | Physical analysis, chemical analysis and microscopic analysis
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| physical analysis | color;transparency; odor; concentration through specific gravity measurement
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| what is specific gravity | # of dissolved material in the urine; it can be measured in the chemical analysis
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| what is the normal value of the urine | 1.005-1.030
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| how long does it take to develop the color on the urine dipsticks | for at least 60 seconds
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| which analysis uses dipsticks | chemical analysis
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| what does chemical analysis test for | hemoglobin, glucose, protein, ketones, WBCs, bilirubin and pH can be performed
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| how many tests can reagent strips have on them | 2-10, depending on the need
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| which test is not a CLIA waived test | Microscopic analysis
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| Microscopic analysis | cellular material such as WBCs, RBCs and casts, bacteria, trichomonas vaginalis (a parasite), sperm, ranal and epithelial cells, various crystals, yeast
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| What are different types of urine collection | random collection, first morning, 24 hour collection, mid-stream clean catch
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| what is the time limit for the urine that is transported to the lab | it has to be transported within 1 hour of collection
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| what if the urine cannot be transported within the hour | it should be refrigerated promtly
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| what does clean catch, mid-stream used for | for urine culture and sensitivity
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| What's the other name for Clean catch mid-stream | Urine C&S
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| Where does clean catch mid-stream go | it goes to microbiology
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| What does 24 hour urine collection measure | it measures kidney function, and one test is called creatinine clearance test
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| Random specimens | collected at any time
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| First morning | most concentrated
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| What is first morning test good for | for things like urine pregnancy tests looking for HCG hormone
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| When is lumbar puncture performed | when meningitis, encephalitis or other infectious processes are suspected
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| What is lumbar puncture | a retrieval of cerebrospinal fluid
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| Cerebrospinal fluid: Commonly ordered tests | total protein, glucose, cell count, culture for microbial organisms, cryptococcus neoformans (an yeast) and cryptococcal antigens
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| what 3 tests are most important in determening viral, bacterial meningitis | total protein, glucose, cell count
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| how many tubes are used for CSF collection | 3-4
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| Where does tube 1 go | to the chemistry or serology department of the lab
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| Where does tube 2 go | to microbiology for culture
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| Where does tube 3 go | to cytology and/or microbiology
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| What condition should CSF be transported in | at a room temperature
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| disease entities that re detected by testing the stool or feces include: | parasites, enteric disorders such as salmonella, shigella and campylobacter pylori, viral disease, colo-rectal cancer
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| What is used for detecting colo-rectal cancer | occult blood
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| Fecal specimen transportation | should be kept at room temperature and transported to the lab immediately
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| How is screening for colorectal cancer done | by giving te patient test cards to take home with special dietary instruction
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| Reasons for seminal fluid analysis | examination for fertility , post-vasectomy check, investigation of possible sex crimes
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| When is Post-vasectomy test done | 10-14 weeks after vasectomy
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| What are the special collection quidelines for assess fertility | not using condoms with spermicide, keeping the specimen out of light and extreme temps and transporting to the lab within 30 mins
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| Other body fluids include: | pleural fluid, pericardial fluid, amniotic fluid, peritoneal fluid
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| What helpful info can be supplied by microbiology dept. | ID of the bacterial pathogen and a list of antimicrobial drugs that are effective and those that not
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| What are the dif types of specimen for culture | sputum, wound cultures, throat cultures, urine culture, fecal culture, ear or eye culture, skin scrapings
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| Can any body fluid be cultured for microorganisms | YES
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| What is the time frame for the speciments that are transported to the clinical microbiology | they have to be transported as quickly as possible
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| What are the tests that require special media/swabs or handling | culture for Neisseria honorrhea, viral cultures like herpes, throat cultures
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| Culture for Neisseria gonorrhea: special transport includes | both temperature and oxygen sensitive
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| Viral cultures: special transport includes | special viral transport media and calcium alginate swabs
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| Throat cultures: special transport includes | must stay moist in transport as streptococcal are very delicate and fastidious
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| Correct specimen labeling | patients name, patients ID, the date, the time of collection, the type of specimen, the attending physicians name
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| Where is the correct labeling spot | label affixed ON the container, not on the lid
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| What is amniotic fluid | fluid that bathes the fetus within the amniotic sac
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| Why is amniotic fluid obtained | to determine the lung maturity of the fetus
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| Handling of the amniotic fluid include | must be protected from light and transported immediately
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| Why is synovial fluid tested | to test for gout, infection, joint injury, ostearthritis
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| Why is pleural fluid tested | to test for infection and cancer
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| Why is peritoneal fluid tested | to determine the cause of fluid in the abdomen, to detect if there is an internal bleeding, to detect a hole in the bladder, and to detect peritonitis
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| What are throat swabs for | to test for strep, to find a cause of sore throat
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| microaerophilic | specific type of organism that requires oxygen to survive, but requires environments containing lower levels of oxygen that are present in the atmosphere
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| anaerobic | without oxygen;
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| facultative anaerobe | an anaerobe that can grow in the presence of air or under conditions of reduced oxygen tension
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| aerophilic | same as aerobic; means oxygen requiring
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| pH | measures degree of acidity/alkalinity
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| whats the normal pH of the fresh urine | 5.0-8.0
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| protein or albumin in the urine indicates: | renal disease or urinary tract infection
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| glucose presence in the urine means: | the blood levels exceeds the renal threshold and is "spilling" into the urine
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| ketones in the urine indicate | that the body is metabolizing fats incompletely and is under severe stress
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| billirubin in the urine indicate | liver damage, bile duct obstruction, hemolytic disease of the newborn, allergic reactions or hepatitis
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| Definition of billirubin | byproduct of hemoglobin breakdown in the liver
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| Blood in the urine is caused by | infection, trauma to kidneys or other urinary organs, kidney stones causing damage
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| Definition of urobilinogen | it is a degradation product of bilirubin
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| urobilinogen in the urine is caused by | hepatic disease or hemolytic disease
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| nitrites in the urine indicates | the presence of a "nitrite producing" bacteria (usually Eschericia)
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| Leukocyte Esterase in the urine mean | bacterial infection
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| Reasons for tolerance test and fasting | to detect metabolic abnormalities
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