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Phlebotomy
Wk7 Ch 15
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 3 parts of urinalysis | Physical analysis, chemical analysis and microscopic analysis |
| physical analysis | color;transparency; odor; concentration through specific gravity measurement |
| what is specific gravity | # of dissolved material in the urine; it can be measured in the chemical analysis |
| what is the normal value of the urine | 1.005-1.030 |
| how long does it take to develop the color on the urine dipsticks | for at least 60 seconds |
| which analysis uses dipsticks | chemical analysis |
| what does chemical analysis test for | hemoglobin, glucose, protein, ketones, WBCs, bilirubin and pH can be performed |
| how many tests can reagent strips have on them | 2-10, depending on the need |
| which test is not a CLIA waived test | Microscopic analysis |
| Microscopic analysis | cellular material such as WBCs, RBCs and casts, bacteria, trichomonas vaginalis (a parasite), sperm, ranal and epithelial cells, various crystals, yeast |
| What are different types of urine collection | random collection, first morning, 24 hour collection, mid-stream clean catch |
| what is the time limit for the urine that is transported to the lab | it has to be transported within 1 hour of collection |
| what if the urine cannot be transported within the hour | it should be refrigerated promtly |
| what does clean catch, mid-stream used for | for urine culture and sensitivity |
| What's the other name for Clean catch mid-stream | Urine C&S |
| Where does clean catch mid-stream go | it goes to microbiology |
| What does 24 hour urine collection measure | it measures kidney function, and one test is called creatinine clearance test |
| Random specimens | collected at any time |
| First morning | most concentrated |
| What is first morning test good for | for things like urine pregnancy tests looking for HCG hormone |
| When is lumbar puncture performed | when meningitis, encephalitis or other infectious processes are suspected |
| What is lumbar puncture | a retrieval of cerebrospinal fluid |
| Cerebrospinal fluid: Commonly ordered tests | total protein, glucose, cell count, culture for microbial organisms, cryptococcus neoformans (an yeast) and cryptococcal antigens |
| what 3 tests are most important in determening viral, bacterial meningitis | total protein, glucose, cell count |
| how many tubes are used for CSF collection | 3-4 |
| Where does tube 1 go | to the chemistry or serology department of the lab |
| Where does tube 2 go | to microbiology for culture |
| Where does tube 3 go | to cytology and/or microbiology |
| What condition should CSF be transported in | at a room temperature |
| disease entities that re detected by testing the stool or feces include: | parasites, enteric disorders such as salmonella, shigella and campylobacter pylori, viral disease, colo-rectal cancer |
| What is used for detecting colo-rectal cancer | occult blood |
| Fecal specimen transportation | should be kept at room temperature and transported to the lab immediately |
| How is screening for colorectal cancer done | by giving te patient test cards to take home with special dietary instruction |
| Reasons for seminal fluid analysis | examination for fertility , post-vasectomy check, investigation of possible sex crimes |
| When is Post-vasectomy test done | 10-14 weeks after vasectomy |
| What are the special collection quidelines for assess fertility | not using condoms with spermicide, keeping the specimen out of light and extreme temps and transporting to the lab within 30 mins |
| Other body fluids include: | pleural fluid, pericardial fluid, amniotic fluid, peritoneal fluid |
| What helpful info can be supplied by microbiology dept. | ID of the bacterial pathogen and a list of antimicrobial drugs that are effective and those that not |
| What are the dif types of specimen for culture | sputum, wound cultures, throat cultures, urine culture, fecal culture, ear or eye culture, skin scrapings |
| Can any body fluid be cultured for microorganisms | YES |
| What is the time frame for the speciments that are transported to the clinical microbiology | they have to be transported as quickly as possible |
| What are the tests that require special media/swabs or handling | culture for Neisseria honorrhea, viral cultures like herpes, throat cultures |
| Culture for Neisseria gonorrhea: special transport includes | both temperature and oxygen sensitive |
| Viral cultures: special transport includes | special viral transport media and calcium alginate swabs |
| Throat cultures: special transport includes | must stay moist in transport as streptococcal are very delicate and fastidious |
| Correct specimen labeling | patients name, patients ID, the date, the time of collection, the type of specimen, the attending physicians name |
| Where is the correct labeling spot | label affixed ON the container, not on the lid |
| What is amniotic fluid | fluid that bathes the fetus within the amniotic sac |
| Why is amniotic fluid obtained | to determine the lung maturity of the fetus |
| Handling of the amniotic fluid include | must be protected from light and transported immediately |
| Why is synovial fluid tested | to test for gout, infection, joint injury, ostearthritis |
| Why is pleural fluid tested | to test for infection and cancer |
| Why is peritoneal fluid tested | to determine the cause of fluid in the abdomen, to detect if there is an internal bleeding, to detect a hole in the bladder, and to detect peritonitis |
| What are throat swabs for | to test for strep, to find a cause of sore throat |
| microaerophilic | specific type of organism that requires oxygen to survive, but requires environments containing lower levels of oxygen that are present in the atmosphere |
| anaerobic | without oxygen; |
| facultative anaerobe | an anaerobe that can grow in the presence of air or under conditions of reduced oxygen tension |
| aerophilic | same as aerobic; means oxygen requiring |
| pH | measures degree of acidity/alkalinity |
| whats the normal pH of the fresh urine | 5.0-8.0 |
| protein or albumin in the urine indicates: | renal disease or urinary tract infection |
| glucose presence in the urine means: | the blood levels exceeds the renal threshold and is "spilling" into the urine |
| ketones in the urine indicate | that the body is metabolizing fats incompletely and is under severe stress |
| billirubin in the urine indicate | liver damage, bile duct obstruction, hemolytic disease of the newborn, allergic reactions or hepatitis |
| Definition of billirubin | byproduct of hemoglobin breakdown in the liver |
| Blood in the urine is caused by | infection, trauma to kidneys or other urinary organs, kidney stones causing damage |
| Definition of urobilinogen | it is a degradation product of bilirubin |
| urobilinogen in the urine is caused by | hepatic disease or hemolytic disease |
| nitrites in the urine indicates | the presence of a "nitrite producing" bacteria (usually Eschericia) |
| Leukocyte Esterase in the urine mean | bacterial infection |
| Reasons for tolerance test and fasting | to detect metabolic abnormalities |
Created by:
kseniya
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