APWH Chapter 16
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| Internally, how was Christianity divided? | Divided between the Roman Catholics and the Eastern Orthodox
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| Where were the Roman Catholics located? | Western and Central Europe
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| Where were the Eastern Orthodox located? | Eastern Europe and Russia
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| Christianity was on the defensive against? | An expansive Islam
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| Muslims had ousted Christian Crusaders from their toeholds in the Holy Land by when, and with the Ottoman seizure of? | 1300, Constantinople in 1453
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| During the Ottoman seizure, they had captured? | the prestigious capital of Eastern Orthodoxy
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| By 1529, the Muslim Ottomans had advanced into the heart of? With the siege of? | Central Europe, Vienna
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| Who started the Protestant Reformation? | A German priest, Martin Luther
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| What act, launched the Protestant Reformation? | Martin Luther posted a document known as the Ninety-five Theses
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| Where did Luther post the document? | On the door of the Roman Catholic Church in Wittenburg
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| One of the issues of the Roman Catholic Church in which people were critical, is the way the popes lives were. How was the popes' lives? | luxurious
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| People had issues with the clergy; why? | some of the clergy were corrupt and immoral
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| Another issue the people had with the Church, was the Church' selling of? | Indulgences
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| Who believed that salvation came through faith alone? | Martin Luther
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| What did Martin Luther think, that had no bearing on the eternal destiny of your soul? | Good works nor sacraments of the Church
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| What did Martin Luther think the source of authority was for Christianity? | the bible, not the teachings of the Church
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| The schism within the Church, gave some princes and kings? | Justification for their own independence from the Church, and had an opportunity to gain taxes and land previously held by the Church
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| The schism within the Church, provided the urban middle class what? | a new religious legitimacy for their growing role in society
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| The reformation teachings did not offer women a greater role in society, but instead? | ended the female saints, and the male Christ figure became the sole object of worship
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| The reading of the bible stimulated women's education through? | literacy, but had little opportunity to use their education outside of the home and family
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| The Reformation spread, thanks to? | The invention of the printing press
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| Where did the Reformation spread? | France, Switzerland, England, and elsewhere
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| The reformation splintered into various churches including? | Lutheran, Calvinist, Anglican, Quaker,and Anabaptist
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| The Thirty Years' War was between whom? | Protestants and Catholics
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| Who won the Thirty Years' War? | Protestants
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| What were French Protestants called? | Huguenots
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| What were Jesuits? | elite Catholic missionaries, well trained, and educated
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| Who issued the Edict of Nantes in 1598? | The French monarch, Henry IV
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| What did the Edict of Nantes grant? | Granted a substantial measure of religious toleration to French Protestants, hoping they would return to the Catholic Church, not very successful
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| What did the Thirty Years' War bring about? | violence, famine, and disease
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| What percent of the German population perished during the Thirty Years' War? | 15-30 percent
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| What ended the Thirty Years' War? | The Peace of Westphalia (1648)
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| What else did the Peace of Westphalia bring about, besides the end of the conflict? | Reshuffled some boundaries and an agreement that each state was sovereign, authorized to control their own state
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| What did the Peace of Westphalia do to the Catholics? | caused the unity of a Catholic Europe to forever be broken
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| What group of people helped motivate European imperial expansion and also benefited from it? | Christians
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| The Spanish and Portuguese viewed their movement overseas as a continuation of what? | a long crusading tradition
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| What did colonial settlers take ans sought to replicate in their newly conquered homelands? | brought faith, and sought to replicate it
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| Who actively spread the Christian message far beyond European communities? | Catholic missionaries
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| Portuguese missionaries took the lead in? | Africa and Asia
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| What missionaries were most prominent in the Americas? | French and Spanish
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| What missionaries accommodated expansion of the Russian Empire by ministering to Russian settlers and trappers across Siberia? | Missionaries of the Russian Orthodox Church
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| One of the reasons for the missionaries success in Spanish America and in the Philippines, is because their efforts were strengthened by? | A European presence experienced as military conquest, colonial settlement, missionary activity, forced labor, social disruption, and disease
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| One factor for the missionaries success in Spanish America and in the Philippines was due to the absence of what? | A literate world religion in these two regions
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| What is one reason why missionary efforts in China were so much less successful in China than in Spanish America was? | China was more timid and was at no time threatened by European missionaries, Spanish America , however, had been defeated and disrupted.
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| Spanish missionaries in a colonial setting, sought to convert masses while in China, the Jesuits done what? | Just took a deliberate aim at the official Chinese elite
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| Who gained little help from the missionaries? | The Chinese
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| What supplied most of the Chinese with their spiritual needs? | Buddhism, Daoism,, and Chinese gods and spirits
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| In the New World Africanized versions of Christianity emerged such as? | Santeria and Vodou
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| What did the Africanized versions of Christianity feature? | drumming, ritual dancing, animal sacrifice, and spirit possession
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| Ho w did Europeans perceive the Africanized versions of Christianity? | viewed them as evidence of sorcery or witchcraft and attempted to suppress them
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