Micro Ch6 Microbial Nutrition and Growth (AEROBE TUBES)
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| Organisms use a variety of nutrients for energy needs and to build organic molecules and cellular structures. Name the 6 most necessary elements. | Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfer (CHNOPS)
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| Where can Carbon be found? | Protein, Carbs, Lipids, Nucleic Acid, CO2
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| Where can Hydrogen be found? | pretty much everywhere, unlimited in supply
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| Where can Nitrogen be found? | N2 (inorganic and unusable for many organisms), Nucleic Acid
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| Where can Oxygen be found? | Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic Acids, Atmospheric O2, H2O,
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| Where can Phosphorus be found? | Phospholipids, Nucleic Acid
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| Where can Sulfur be found? | Proteins
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| These organisms can "carbon fix", meaning they can take Carbon directly out of the atmosphere | Autotrophs
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| These organisms need to consume other organisms to get Carbon | Heterotroph
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| These organisms get their energy from chemicals | Chemotrophs
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| These organisms get their energy from light | Superman and other Phototrophs
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| Give an example of a photoautotroph | Plants, algae, cyanobacteria, green and purple sulfur bacteria
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| Give an example of a photoheterotroph | Green and purple NONsulfur bacteria, some archaea
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| Give an example of a chemoheterotroph | Most animals, fungi, progozoas, most bacteria
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| Give an example of a chemoautotroph | Hydrogen, Sulfur, and Nitrifying bacteria, some archaea
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| Oxygen is essential for these organisms | Obligate Aerobes
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| Oxygen kills these organisms | Obligate Anaerobes
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| Four toxic forms of oxygen | Singlet, Superoxide radicals, Peroxide anion, Hydroxyl radical
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| All cells recycle nitrogen from... | Amino acids and nucleotides
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| The only organisms on the planet that can fix nitrogen are... | bacteria (not all bacteria)
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| Fastidious organisms need to acquire many of these from other organisms | Growth Factors
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| Effect of high temperature on membranes of cells and organelles | membranes become too fluid
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| Effect of low temperature on membranes of cells and organelles | membranes become rigid and fragile
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| grow best in a narrow range around neutral pH | Neutrophiles
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| grow best in acidic habitats | Acidophiles
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| live in alkaline soils and water | Alkalinophiles
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| Like high solute concentrations | Facultative halophiles
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| Require high solute concentrations | Obligate halophiles
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| Live under extreme pressure exerted by hydrostatic pressure of depth of water | Barophiles
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| Nutrient media that contains a variety of highly variable ingredients without an exact chemical formula, including nutrient broth, blood agar, chocolate agar, media including yeast/meat extract (cells), peptone (protein), digests | Complex or undefined media
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| Media composed of precise amounts of pure chemicals where each batch is identical. Includes glucose (CHO), salts(P, S, N), water. | Defined media
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| Any organism that has a complex nutritional requirement | Fastidious media
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| Type of media that inhibits the growth of unwanted organisms, only allowing sought after organisms to grown | Selective media (it SELECTS only certain organisms to grow on it)
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| Type of media containing substances that bacteria are able to change in a recognizable way | Differential (you can see a DIFFERENce between organisms that grow on it)
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| MacConkey agar contains Crystal Violet, which inhibits Gram+ bacteria, therefore isolating Gram- bacteria. This is an example of what kind of media? | Selective
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| Blood agar is a type of media that contains RBC's that will be hemolyized by some bacteria, so you will see a clear halo around growth. What type of media is this? | Differential
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| MacConkey agar contains pH indicator that identifies bacteria that produce acid. What kind of media is it? | Differential
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| A smaller tube that is inverted in test tube media to trap any gas that might be produced | Durham tube
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| Organisms that require a high amount of CO2 to survive | Capnophiles
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| Type of culture where certain nutrient sources are chosen because few microbes can use that nutrient besides the one you want | Enrichment Culture
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| List 3 ways you can preserve a culture | Refrigeration (short term), Deep-freezing (store for years, but add glycerol to prevent lysis), Lyophilization (freeze drying for decades)
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| Method of cell division where one cell divides into two, done by prokaryotic cells | Binary Fission
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| Time required for a bacterial cell to grow and divide | Generation time (aka doubling time)
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| What formula determines exponential growth over time? | (original # of cells) x 2^(# of divisions)
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| What type of graph has base-10 exponential values on the y-axis to show exponential growth as a line? | Log or semi-log scale
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| The predictable fashion in which populations of cells grow follow a pattern called... | Growth Curve
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| Term meaning the set of controlled chemical reactions within cells | Metabolism
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| In this phase of microbial populations, the number of cells doesn't increase as cells prepare for growth | Lag
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| Compounds that are required for growth that are produced through the log phase are called | Primary metabolites
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| In this phase of microbial populations, there is exponential growth with microbes doubling each generation | Log phase
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| Compounds used to enhance survival and antibiotics that are synthesized at the end of the log phase and through the first part of the stationary phase | Secondary metabolites
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| Phase when the total number of viable cells decrease, which is exponential but much slower than growth | Death phase
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| Phase when overall population remains relatively stable as cells exhaust nutrients and new cells use metabolites to continue replication | Stationary phase
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| Continuous exponential growth can be maintained by use of a ... | Chemostat that continuously drips in fresh nutrients and releases the same amount of waste product
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| Method of microbial cell count that can determine the total number of cells, living and dead, including microscopic or counting instruments | Direct cell count
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| Method of direct cell count that detects changes in electrical resistance as sample in liquid passes through counting orifice | Coulter counter
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| Method of direct cell count that measures scattered laser light as sample in liquid passes through counting orfice | flow cytometer
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| Used to quantify living, multiplying cells Valuable in monitoring bacterial growth Often used when cell counts are too low for other methods, include Plate counts, Membrane filtration, Most probable numbers | Viable cell count
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| Method for estimating microbial numbers by transferring 1 mL of undiluted microbes into 1 1:10 tube then another into a 1:100 tube, and inoculating 1 mL into 5 tubes each and using a posted ratio index | Most Probable Number (ie, 4:2:1 means 4/5 from the undiluted, 2/5 of the 1:10, and 1/5 of the 1:100 tubes were positive for growth, and the 4:2:1 ratio correlates to an MPN index)
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| Give 3 ways of measuring microbial reproduction | Metabolic activity (pH, gas/Durham tube, luciferase), weight (centrifuge), and turbidity (spectrophotometer) are indirect. Genetic methods isolate DNA of unculturable prokaryotes.
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| Organisms use a variety of these chemicals to meet their energy needs and to build organic molecules and cellular structures | nutrients
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| Organisms that utilize inorganic source of carbon (CO2) to "feed themselves" | autotrophs
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| Organisms that catabolize reduced organic molecules that they acquire from other organisms | heterotrophs
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| Organisms that acquire energy from redox reactions involving inorganic and organic chemicals (meaning they get their energy from stuff) | chemotrophs
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| Organisms that use light as their energy source | phototrophs
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| Name some photoautotrophs | Plants, algae, some protozoa
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| Name some chemoheterotrophs | animals, fungi, some protozoa
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| a nutrient that interrupts metabolism by its absence | limiting nutrient
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| Heterotrophs acquire electrons from the same organic molecules that provide them carbon and are called... | organotrophs
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| Autotrophs acquire electrons or hydrogen from inorganic molecules and are called... | lithotrophs
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| Oxygen is essential for these microbes | obligate aerobes
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| Oxygen is deadly for these microbes | obligate anaerobes
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| Four toxic forms of oxygen | Singlet oxygen, superoxide radical, peroxide anion, hydroxyl radical
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| What breaks down peroxide without forming oxygen? | peroxidase
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| What breaks down superoxide radical? | superoxide dismutase
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| What breaks down peroxide and forms oxygen? | catalase
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| Besides enzymes, what else can aerobes use to protect themselves against toxic oxygen products? | antioxidants like vitamins C and E
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| What types of microbes have catalase? | The ones that want O2. Obligate aerobes, facultative anaerobes, and microaerophiles
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| What types of microbes don't have catalase? | The ones that don't want or don't care about O2. Obligate anaerobes, aerotolerant anaerobes
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| What types of microbes have SOD (superoxide dismutase) | Everything but obligate anaerobes.
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| This nutrient makes up about 14% of microbial cells and is often a growth-limiting nutrient | Nitrogen
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| Cyanobacteria Rhizobium reduce nitrogen gas to ammonia (NH3) in a process called... | nitrogen fixation
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| Elements required in very small amounts are called... | trace elements
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| Organisms that are not lithotrophic photoautotrophs require organic chemicals that they cannot synthesize. These chemicals are called... | Growth factors, like vitamins (which constitute all or part of many coenzymes)
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| what temperatures are better for hydrogen bonds? | Low. At high, proteins will denature
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| Temperature range terms | Minimum growth temp, optimum growth temp, maximum growth temp
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| Grow best at temps below 15-C | Psychrophiles
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| Grow best at temps from 20-40-C | Mesophiles
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| Mesophiles that can survive at higher temps for a short period of time | Thermoduric organisms
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| Grow best at temps over 45-C | Thermophiles
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| Grow best at temps over 80-C | hyperthermophiles
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| Grow best in acidic pH | acidophiles
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| Grow best in neutral pH 6.5-7.5 | neutrophiles
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| Grow best in alkaline pH | alkalinophiles
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| pressure exerted on a semipermeable membrane | osmotic pressure
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| comparably higher levels of solute in a solution | hypertonic
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| comparably lower levels of solute in a solution | hypotonic
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| Shriveling of cytoplasm | crenation
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| microbes adapted to growth under high osmotic pressure | obligate halophiles
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| microbes adapted to tolerate high salt concentration but don't prefer it | facultative halophiles
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| Organisms that live under extreme pressure | barophiles
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| Relationship where one organism harms or kills another | antagonistic
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| Beneficial relationship where both receive benefit better than if either lived separate | Synergistic
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| Beneficial relationship where organisms live so closely that they become interdependent and rarely or never live separately | symbiotic
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| complex relationships among numerous microbes attached to surfaces | biofilm
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| Biofilms often form as a result of a process in which microbes respond to the density of nearby microbes | Quorum Sensing
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| Term meaning cultivate microbes AND the microorganisms that are cultivated | culture
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| term meaning sample | inoculum
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| term meaning collection of nutrients for growing microbes | medium
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| Liquid media | broth
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| visible cultures | colonies
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| Inocula taken from non clinical sources | environmental specimens
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| Inocula taken from patients | Clinical specimens
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