Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Nissing Micro Ch6
Micro Ch6 Microbial Nutrition and Growth (AEROBE TUBES)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Organisms use a variety of nutrients for energy needs and to build organic molecules and cellular structures. Name the 6 most necessary elements. | Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfer (CHNOPS) |
| Where can Carbon be found? | Protein, Carbs, Lipids, Nucleic Acid, CO2 |
| Where can Hydrogen be found? | pretty much everywhere, unlimited in supply |
| Where can Nitrogen be found? | N2 (inorganic and unusable for many organisms), Nucleic Acid |
| Where can Oxygen be found? | Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic Acids, Atmospheric O2, H2O, |
| Where can Phosphorus be found? | Phospholipids, Nucleic Acid |
| Where can Sulfur be found? | Proteins |
| These organisms can "carbon fix", meaning they can take Carbon directly out of the atmosphere | Autotrophs |
| These organisms need to consume other organisms to get Carbon | Heterotroph |
| These organisms get their energy from chemicals | Chemotrophs |
| These organisms get their energy from light | Superman and other Phototrophs |
| Give an example of a photoautotroph | Plants, algae, cyanobacteria, green and purple sulfur bacteria |
| Give an example of a photoheterotroph | Green and purple NONsulfur bacteria, some archaea |
| Give an example of a chemoheterotroph | Most animals, fungi, progozoas, most bacteria |
| Give an example of a chemoautotroph | Hydrogen, Sulfur, and Nitrifying bacteria, some archaea |
| Oxygen is essential for these organisms | Obligate Aerobes |
| Oxygen kills these organisms | Obligate Anaerobes |
| Four toxic forms of oxygen | Singlet, Superoxide radicals, Peroxide anion, Hydroxyl radical |
| All cells recycle nitrogen from... | Amino acids and nucleotides |
| The only organisms on the planet that can fix nitrogen are... | bacteria (not all bacteria) |
| Fastidious organisms need to acquire many of these from other organisms | Growth Factors |
| Effect of high temperature on membranes of cells and organelles | membranes become too fluid |
| Effect of low temperature on membranes of cells and organelles | membranes become rigid and fragile |
| grow best in a narrow range around neutral pH | Neutrophiles |
| grow best in acidic habitats | Acidophiles |
| live in alkaline soils and water | Alkalinophiles |
| Like high solute concentrations | Facultative halophiles |
| Require high solute concentrations | Obligate halophiles |
| Live under extreme pressure exerted by hydrostatic pressure of depth of water | Barophiles |
| Nutrient media that contains a variety of highly variable ingredients without an exact chemical formula, including nutrient broth, blood agar, chocolate agar, media including yeast/meat extract (cells), peptone (protein), digests | Complex or undefined media |
| Media composed of precise amounts of pure chemicals where each batch is identical. Includes glucose (CHO), salts(P, S, N), water. | Defined media |
| Any organism that has a complex nutritional requirement | Fastidious media |
| Type of media that inhibits the growth of unwanted organisms, only allowing sought after organisms to grown | Selective media (it SELECTS only certain organisms to grow on it) |
| Type of media containing substances that bacteria are able to change in a recognizable way | Differential (you can see a DIFFERENce between organisms that grow on it) |
| MacConkey agar contains Crystal Violet, which inhibits Gram+ bacteria, therefore isolating Gram- bacteria. This is an example of what kind of media? | Selective |
| Blood agar is a type of media that contains RBC's that will be hemolyized by some bacteria, so you will see a clear halo around growth. What type of media is this? | Differential |
| MacConkey agar contains pH indicator that identifies bacteria that produce acid. What kind of media is it? | Differential |
| A smaller tube that is inverted in test tube media to trap any gas that might be produced | Durham tube |
| Organisms that require a high amount of CO2 to survive | Capnophiles |
| Type of culture where certain nutrient sources are chosen because few microbes can use that nutrient besides the one you want | Enrichment Culture |
| List 3 ways you can preserve a culture | Refrigeration (short term), Deep-freezing (store for years, but add glycerol to prevent lysis), Lyophilization (freeze drying for decades) |
| Method of cell division where one cell divides into two, done by prokaryotic cells | Binary Fission |
| Time required for a bacterial cell to grow and divide | Generation time (aka doubling time) |
| What formula determines exponential growth over time? | (original # of cells) x 2^(# of divisions) |
| What type of graph has base-10 exponential values on the y-axis to show exponential growth as a line? | Log or semi-log scale |
| The predictable fashion in which populations of cells grow follow a pattern called... | Growth Curve |
| Term meaning the set of controlled chemical reactions within cells | Metabolism |
| In this phase of microbial populations, the number of cells doesn't increase as cells prepare for growth | Lag |
| Compounds that are required for growth that are produced through the log phase are called | Primary metabolites |
| In this phase of microbial populations, there is exponential growth with microbes doubling each generation | Log phase |
| Compounds used to enhance survival and antibiotics that are synthesized at the end of the log phase and through the first part of the stationary phase | Secondary metabolites |
| Phase when the total number of viable cells decrease, which is exponential but much slower than growth | Death phase |
| Phase when overall population remains relatively stable as cells exhaust nutrients and new cells use metabolites to continue replication | Stationary phase |
| Continuous exponential growth can be maintained by use of a ... | Chemostat that continuously drips in fresh nutrients and releases the same amount of waste product |
| Method of microbial cell count that can determine the total number of cells, living and dead, including microscopic or counting instruments | Direct cell count |
| Method of direct cell count that detects changes in electrical resistance as sample in liquid passes through counting orifice | Coulter counter |
| Method of direct cell count that measures scattered laser light as sample in liquid passes through counting orfice | flow cytometer |
| Used to quantify living, multiplying cells Valuable in monitoring bacterial growth Often used when cell counts are too low for other methods, include Plate counts, Membrane filtration, Most probable numbers | Viable cell count |
| Method for estimating microbial numbers by transferring 1 mL of undiluted microbes into 1 1:10 tube then another into a 1:100 tube, and inoculating 1 mL into 5 tubes each and using a posted ratio index | Most Probable Number (ie, 4:2:1 means 4/5 from the undiluted, 2/5 of the 1:10, and 1/5 of the 1:100 tubes were positive for growth, and the 4:2:1 ratio correlates to an MPN index) |
| Give 3 ways of measuring microbial reproduction | Metabolic activity (pH, gas/Durham tube, luciferase), weight (centrifuge), and turbidity (spectrophotometer) are indirect. Genetic methods isolate DNA of unculturable prokaryotes. |
| Organisms use a variety of these chemicals to meet their energy needs and to build organic molecules and cellular structures | nutrients |
| Organisms that utilize inorganic source of carbon (CO2) to "feed themselves" | autotrophs |
| Organisms that catabolize reduced organic molecules that they acquire from other organisms | heterotrophs |
| Organisms that acquire energy from redox reactions involving inorganic and organic chemicals (meaning they get their energy from stuff) | chemotrophs |
| Organisms that use light as their energy source | phototrophs |
| Name some photoautotrophs | Plants, algae, some protozoa |
| Name some chemoheterotrophs | animals, fungi, some protozoa |
| a nutrient that interrupts metabolism by its absence | limiting nutrient |
| Heterotrophs acquire electrons from the same organic molecules that provide them carbon and are called... | organotrophs |
| Autotrophs acquire electrons or hydrogen from inorganic molecules and are called... | lithotrophs |
| Oxygen is essential for these microbes | obligate aerobes |
| Oxygen is deadly for these microbes | obligate anaerobes |
| Four toxic forms of oxygen | Singlet oxygen, superoxide radical, peroxide anion, hydroxyl radical |
| What breaks down peroxide without forming oxygen? | peroxidase |
| What breaks down superoxide radical? | superoxide dismutase |
| What breaks down peroxide and forms oxygen? | catalase |
| Besides enzymes, what else can aerobes use to protect themselves against toxic oxygen products? | antioxidants like vitamins C and E |
| What types of microbes have catalase? | The ones that want O2. Obligate aerobes, facultative anaerobes, and microaerophiles |
| What types of microbes don't have catalase? | The ones that don't want or don't care about O2. Obligate anaerobes, aerotolerant anaerobes |
| What types of microbes have SOD (superoxide dismutase) | Everything but obligate anaerobes. |
| This nutrient makes up about 14% of microbial cells and is often a growth-limiting nutrient | Nitrogen |
| Cyanobacteria Rhizobium reduce nitrogen gas to ammonia (NH3) in a process called... | nitrogen fixation |
| Elements required in very small amounts are called... | trace elements |
| Organisms that are not lithotrophic photoautotrophs require organic chemicals that they cannot synthesize. These chemicals are called... | Growth factors, like vitamins (which constitute all or part of many coenzymes) |
| what temperatures are better for hydrogen bonds? | Low. At high, proteins will denature |
| Temperature range terms | Minimum growth temp, optimum growth temp, maximum growth temp |
| Grow best at temps below 15-C | Psychrophiles |
| Grow best at temps from 20-40-C | Mesophiles |
| Mesophiles that can survive at higher temps for a short period of time | Thermoduric organisms |
| Grow best at temps over 45-C | Thermophiles |
| Grow best at temps over 80-C | hyperthermophiles |
| Grow best in acidic pH | acidophiles |
| Grow best in neutral pH 6.5-7.5 | neutrophiles |
| Grow best in alkaline pH | alkalinophiles |
| pressure exerted on a semipermeable membrane | osmotic pressure |
| comparably higher levels of solute in a solution | hypertonic |
| comparably lower levels of solute in a solution | hypotonic |
| Shriveling of cytoplasm | crenation |
| microbes adapted to growth under high osmotic pressure | obligate halophiles |
| microbes adapted to tolerate high salt concentration but don't prefer it | facultative halophiles |
| Organisms that live under extreme pressure | barophiles |
| Relationship where one organism harms or kills another | antagonistic |
| Beneficial relationship where both receive benefit better than if either lived separate | Synergistic |
| Beneficial relationship where organisms live so closely that they become interdependent and rarely or never live separately | symbiotic |
| complex relationships among numerous microbes attached to surfaces | biofilm |
| Biofilms often form as a result of a process in which microbes respond to the density of nearby microbes | Quorum Sensing |
| Term meaning cultivate microbes AND the microorganisms that are cultivated | culture |
| term meaning sample | inoculum |
| term meaning collection of nutrients for growing microbes | medium |
| Liquid media | broth |
| visible cultures | colonies |
| Inocula taken from non clinical sources | environmental specimens |
| Inocula taken from patients | Clinical specimens |
Created by:
jenissing
Popular Medical sets