Body Functions Chapter 8 Page 171
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| The integumentary system is made up of: | 1. Skin.
2. Hair.
3. Nails.
4. Sebaceous glands (sebum - oil).
5. Cerumenous glands {cerumen (earwax)}.
6. Sudoriferous glands (sweat).
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| The skin: | 1. Is flexible.
2. Is waterproof.
3. Protects the body from ultraviolet (UV) light.
4. Protects the body from many chemicals and microbes.
5. Regulates body temperature (evaporation).
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| The outermost layer of skin is called the | epidermis.
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| The epidermis is composed of | epithelial cells.
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| Epithelial cells reproduce by | mitosis (30,000/day).
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| Newer epithelial cells push upward where they slowly | necrose (die).
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| This process is called | keratinization.
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| These keratinized cells are constantly being | sloughed
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| Skin sloughing (shedding) helps rid the body of | pathogens (disease producers).
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| The second layer of the skin is called the | dermis AKA corium.
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| The dermis (corium) consists of | connective tissue (collagenous + elastin fibers).
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| The function of collagen is to | bind skin cells together.
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| Embedded in the dermis (corium) are: | 1. Blood vessels.
2. Nerves.
3. Lymph vessels.
4. Hair follicles.
5. Sebaceous glands (sebum).
6. Sudoriferous glands (2-4 million sweat glands).
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| Sweat is released through ossa called | sudoriferous pores.
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| The next layer of the skin is called the | subcutaneous (subQ or subcu) AKA
hypodermis.
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| The subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis) consists mainly of | adipose tissue (fat).
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| The subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis) attaches the | dermis (corium) to the underlying muscles.
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| The fibrous connective tissue of the body is called | fascia
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| When skin is subjected to an excessive amount of abrasion or friction, a thickened area develops called a | callus (calluses).
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| Skin pigmentation (color) is genetically determined by the amount of | melanin produced.
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| A genetic mutation causing an absence of melanin production is called | albinism.
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| Dilation of the blood vessels in the dermis (corium) causes | erythroderma AKA
erythema AKA
rubeosis.
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| Causes of erythema include: | 1. Pyrexia (fever).
2. Hypertension (HTN).
3. Inflammation. 4. Blushing.
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| A bluish discoloration of the skin caused by hypoxia or hypothermia is called | cyanosis (cyanotic).
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| Excessive hemolysis of erythrocytes or hyperbilirubinemia causes a yellowish orangish discoloration to the skin and/or sclerae (white part of each eye) called | xanthoderma or
jaundice or icterus (kernicterus).
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| Hair is a characteristic of all | mammals.
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| On humans, hair can be found on the entire body except for the: | 1. Palms.
2. Soles.
3. Glans penis.
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| The average human produces | 7 miles of hair/year.
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| Each hair is composed of: | 1. A shaft.
2. A root.
3. A follicle.
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| A shaft is the | visible portion of the hair.
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| A root is found in the | epidermal tube.
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| A follicle is where | mitosis occurs.
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| Attached to each hair follicle is an arrector pili muscle which causes the hair shaft to | “stand on its end” causing a
“goose flesh” appearance when we get scared or cold.
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| Genetics will control: | 1. Hair color.
2. Hair texture.
3. Hair loss (alopecia).
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| The visible part of a nail is called a | nail body.
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| The part of a nail that grows is called a | nail bed.
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| The base of a nail is covered by tissue called a | cuticle AKA
eponychium.
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| onychocryptosis | an abnormal condition of an ingrown (hidden) nail
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| onychomycosis | an abnormal condition of a nail(s) caused by fungus
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| paronychia | a condition of inflammation adjacent to a nail
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| cicatrix (cicatrices) | scar(s)
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| keloid | an exaggerated or hypertrophied scar
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| Keloids are associated with | surgery and 3rd degree burns.
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| ulcer | an erosion (wearing away) of the skin or mucous membrane
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| Decubitus ulcer is AKA | bedsore or
pressure sore (ulcer).
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| Decubitus ulcers commonly occur on bony prominences (pressure points) such as: | 1. Coccyx (tailbone).
2. Calcanei (heel bones).
3. Olecranons (Holy Crayon) {elbows}.
4. Scapulae (shoulder bone).
5. Occipital bone (posterior base of the cranium {skull}).
6. Pelvis (ilia and ischia).
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| Ecchymosis (ecchymotic) | black + blue mark caused by bleeding under the skin AKA
hematoma or
contusion or
bruise
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| edema (edematous) | tissue swelling caused by an accumulation of fluid
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| pitting edema | fluid accumulation where indentations occur after light palpation
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| eschar(otic) | necrotic tissue caused by a burn
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| macule (macular) | flat usually erythematous skin lesion
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| papule (papular) | a raised skin lesion < 1cm
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| nodule (nodular) | a raised skin lesion > 1cm
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| nevus (nevi) | mole(s) or birthmark(s)
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| petechia(e) | pinpoint skin hemorrhage(s)
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| purpura (happy cat) | a combination of ecchymosis and petechiae
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| pustule (pustular) | a papule filled with pus
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| abscess (abscesses) | a collection of pus
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| verruca(e) | wart(s)
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| pallor | paleness
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| vesicle | a raised lesion filled with a clear liquid AKA a
blister or
bulla (> 1cm) or bleb (< 1 cm)
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| abrasion | mechanical superficial damage to the skin AKA
“scrape”
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| excoriation | chemical superficial damage to the skin such as
“diaper rash”
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| cellulitis (dermatitis) | inflammation of skin cells
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| urticaria | hives AKA
wheals
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| Urticaria | an indication of an
allergic reaction.
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| cyst | a thickening or lump
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| furuncle | an infection of a hair follicle and adjacent tissue AKA a
boil
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| carbuncle (car load) | a cluster of furuncles
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| gangrene (gangrenous) | putrefaction (rot) caused by tissue necrosis and microbial proliferation
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| laceration | tissue that is cut, torn, or ripped
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| avulsion | tearing any part of the body away from the whole
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| xeroderma | dry skin
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| ichthyosis | dry scaly skin
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| crustation(s) | scab(s)
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| vitiligo (Michael Jackson) | localized loss of skin pigmentation characterized by milk-white patches
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