Question 1

The integumentary system is made up of:

Accepted Answer

1. Skin.
2. Hair.
3. Nails.
4. Sebaceous glands (sebum - oil).
5. Cerumenous glands {cerumen (earwax)}.
6. Sudoriferous glands (sweat).

Question 2

The skin:

Accepted Answer

1. Is flexible.
2. Is waterproof.
3. Protects the body from ultraviolet (UV) light.
4. Protects the body from many chemicals and microbes.
5. Regulates body temperature (evaporation).

Question 3

The outermost layer of skin is called the

Accepted Answer

epidermis.

Question 4

The epidermis is composed of

Accepted Answer

epithelial cells.

Question 5

Epithelial cells reproduce by

Accepted Answer

mitosis (30,000/day).

Question 6

Newer epithelial cells push upward where they slowly

Accepted Answer

necrose (die).

Question 7

This process is called

Accepted Answer

keratinization.

Question 8

These keratinized cells are constantly being

Accepted Answer

sloughed

Question 9

Skin sloughing (shedding) helps rid the body of

Accepted Answer

pathogens (disease producers).

Question 10

The second layer of the skin is called the

Accepted Answer

dermis AKA corium.

Question 11

The dermis (corium) consists of

Accepted Answer

connective tissue (collagenous + elastin fibers).

Question 12

The function of collagen is to

Accepted Answer

bind skin cells together.

Question 13

Embedded in the dermis (corium) are:

Accepted Answer

1. Blood vessels.
2. Nerves.
3. Lymph vessels.
4. Hair follicles.
5. Sebaceous glands (sebum).
6. Sudoriferous glands                                  (2-4 million sweat glands).

Question 14

Sweat is released through ossa called

Accepted Answer

sudoriferous pores.

Question 15

The next layer of the skin is called the

Accepted Answer

subcutaneous (subQ or subcu) AKA
hypodermis.

Question 16

The subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis) consists mainly of

Accepted Answer

adipose tissue (fat).

Question 17

The subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis) attaches the

Accepted Answer

dermis (corium) to the underlying muscles.

Question 18

The fibrous connective tissue of the body is called

Accepted Answer

fascia

Question 19

When skin is subjected to an excessive amount of abrasion or friction, a thickened area develops called a

Accepted Answer

callus (calluses).

Question 20

Skin pigmentation (color) is genetically determined by the amount of

Accepted Answer

melanin produced.

Question 21

A genetic mutation causing an absence of melanin production is called

Accepted Answer

albinism.

Question 22

Dilation of the blood vessels in the dermis (corium) causes

Accepted Answer

erythroderma AKA
erythema AKA
rubeosis.

Question 23

Causes of erythema include:

Accepted Answer

1. Pyrexia (fever).
2. Hypertension (HTN).
3. Inflammation.  4. Blushing.

Question 24

A bluish discoloration of the skin caused by hypoxia or hypothermia is called

Accepted Answer

cyanosis (cyanotic).

Question 25

Excessive hemolysis of erythrocytes or hyperbilirubinemia causes a yellowish orangish discoloration to the skin and/or sclerae (white part of each eye) called

Accepted Answer

xanthoderma or
jaundice or icterus (kernicterus).

Question 26

Hair is a characteristic of all

Accepted Answer

mammals.

Question 27

On humans, hair can be found on the entire body except for the:

Accepted Answer

1. Palms.
2. Soles.
3. Glans penis.

Question 28

The average human produces

Accepted Answer

7 miles of hair/year.

Question 29

Each hair is composed of:

Accepted Answer

1. A shaft. 
2. A root.
3. A follicle.

Question 30

A shaft is the

Accepted Answer

visible portion of the hair.

Question 31

A root is found in the

Accepted Answer

epidermal tube.

Question 32

A follicle is where

Accepted Answer

mitosis occurs.

Question 33

Attached to each hair follicle is an arrector pili muscle which causes the hair shaft to

Accepted Answer

“stand on its end” causing a
“goose flesh” appearance when we get scared or cold.

Question 34

Genetics will control:

Accepted Answer

1. Hair color.
2. Hair texture.
3. Hair loss (alopecia).

Question 35

The visible part of a nail is called a

Accepted Answer

nail body.

Question 36

The part of a nail that grows is called a

Accepted Answer

nail bed.

Question 37

The base of a nail is covered by tissue called a

Accepted Answer

cuticle AKA
eponychium.

Question 38

onychocryptosis

Accepted Answer

an abnormal condition of an ingrown (hidden) nail

Question 39

onychomycosis

Accepted Answer

an abnormal condition of a nail(s) caused by fungus

Question 40

paronychia

Accepted Answer

a condition of inflammation adjacent to a nail

Question 41

cicatrix (cicatrices)

Accepted Answer

scar(s)

Question 42

keloid

Accepted Answer

an exaggerated or hypertrophied scar

Question 43

Keloids are associated with

Accepted Answer

surgery and 3rd degree burns.

Question 44

ulcer

Accepted Answer

an erosion (wearing away) of the skin or mucous membrane

Question 45

Decubitus ulcer is AKA

Accepted Answer

bedsore or 
pressure sore (ulcer).

Question 46

Decubitus ulcers commonly occur on bony prominences (pressure points) such as:

Accepted Answer

1. Coccyx (tailbone). 
2. Calcanei (heel bones).
3. Olecranons (Holy Crayon) {elbows}.
4. Scapulae (shoulder bone). 
5. Occipital bone (posterior base of the cranium {skull}).
6. Pelvis (ilia and ischia).

Question 47

Ecchymosis (ecchymotic)

Accepted Answer

black + blue mark caused by bleeding under the skin AKA 
hematoma or
contusion or 
bruise

Question 48

edema (edematous)

Accepted Answer

tissue swelling caused by an accumulation of fluid

Question 49

pitting edema

Accepted Answer

fluid accumulation where indentations occur after light palpation

Question 50

eschar(otic)

Accepted Answer

necrotic tissue caused by a burn

Question 51

macule (macular)

Accepted Answer

flat usually erythematous skin lesion

Question 52

papule (papular)

Accepted Answer

a raised skin lesion < 1cm

Question 53

nodule (nodular)

Accepted Answer

a raised skin lesion > 1cm

Question 54

nevus (nevi)

Accepted Answer

mole(s) or birthmark(s)

Question 55

petechia(e)

Accepted Answer

pinpoint skin hemorrhage(s)

Question 56

purpura (happy cat)

Accepted Answer

a combination of ecchymosis and petechiae

Question 57

pustule (pustular)

Accepted Answer

a papule filled with pus

Question 58

abscess (abscesses)

Accepted Answer

a collection of pus

Question 59

verruca(e)

Accepted Answer

wart(s)

Question 60

pallor

Accepted Answer

paleness

Question 61

vesicle

Accepted Answer

a raised lesion filled with a clear liquid AKA a
blister or 
bulla (> 1cm) or bleb (< 1 cm)

Question 62

abrasion

Accepted Answer

mechanical superficial damage to the skin AKA
“scrape”

Question 63

excoriation

Accepted Answer

chemical superficial damage to the skin such as 
“diaper rash”

Question 64

cellulitis (dermatitis)

Accepted Answer

inflammation of skin cells

Integumentary System

Body Functions Chapter 8 Page 171

Question	Answer
The integumentary system is made up of:	1. Skin. 2. Hair. 3. Nails. 4. Sebaceous glands (sebum - oil). 5. Cerumenous glands {cerumen (earwax)}. 6. Sudoriferous glands (sweat).
The skin:	1. Is flexible. 2. Is waterproof. 3. Protects the body from ultraviolet (UV) light. 4. Protects the body from many chemicals and microbes. 5. Regulates body temperature (evaporation).
The outermost layer of skin is called the	epidermis.
The epidermis is composed of	epithelial cells.
Epithelial cells reproduce by	mitosis (30,000/day).
Newer epithelial cells push upward where they slowly	necrose (die).
This process is called	keratinization.
These keratinized cells are constantly being	sloughed
Skin sloughing (shedding) helps rid the body of	pathogens (disease producers).
The second layer of the skin is called the	dermis AKA corium.
The dermis (corium) consists of	connective tissue (collagenous + elastin fibers).
The function of collagen is to	bind skin cells together.
Embedded in the dermis (corium) are:	1. Blood vessels. 2. Nerves. 3. Lymph vessels. 4. Hair follicles. 5. Sebaceous glands (sebum). 6. Sudoriferous glands (2-4 million sweat glands).
Sweat is released through ossa called	sudoriferous pores.
The next layer of the skin is called the	subcutaneous (subQ or subcu) AKA hypodermis.
The subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis) consists mainly of	adipose tissue (fat).
The subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis) attaches the	dermis (corium) to the underlying muscles.
The fibrous connective tissue of the body is called	fascia
When skin is subjected to an excessive amount of abrasion or friction, a thickened area develops called a	callus (calluses).
Skin pigmentation (color) is genetically determined by the amount of	melanin produced.
A genetic mutation causing an absence of melanin production is called	albinism.
Dilation of the blood vessels in the dermis (corium) causes	erythroderma AKA erythema AKA rubeosis.
Causes of erythema include:	1. Pyrexia (fever). 2. Hypertension (HTN). 3. Inflammation. 4. Blushing.
A bluish discoloration of the skin caused by hypoxia or hypothermia is called	cyanosis (cyanotic).
Excessive hemolysis of erythrocytes or hyperbilirubinemia causes a yellowish orangish discoloration to the skin and/or sclerae (white part of each eye) called	xanthoderma or jaundice or icterus (kernicterus).
Hair is a characteristic of all	mammals.
On humans, hair can be found on the entire body except for the:	1. Palms. 2. Soles. 3. Glans penis.
The average human produces	7 miles of hair/year.
Each hair is composed of:	1. A shaft. 2. A root. 3. A follicle.
A shaft is the	visible portion of the hair.
A root is found in the	epidermal tube.
A follicle is where	mitosis occurs.
Attached to each hair follicle is an arrector pili muscle which causes the hair shaft to	“stand on its end” causing a “goose flesh” appearance when we get scared or cold.
Genetics will control:	1. Hair color. 2. Hair texture. 3. Hair loss (alopecia).
The visible part of a nail is called a	nail body.
The part of a nail that grows is called a	nail bed.
The base of a nail is covered by tissue called a	cuticle AKA eponychium.
onychocryptosis	an abnormal condition of an ingrown (hidden) nail
onychomycosis	an abnormal condition of a nail(s) caused by fungus
paronychia	a condition of inflammation adjacent to a nail
cicatrix (cicatrices)	scar(s)
keloid	an exaggerated or hypertrophied scar
Keloids are associated with	surgery and 3rd degree burns.
ulcer	an erosion (wearing away) of the skin or mucous membrane
Decubitus ulcer is AKA	bedsore or pressure sore (ulcer).
Decubitus ulcers commonly occur on bony prominences (pressure points) such as:	1. Coccyx (tailbone). 2. Calcanei (heel bones). 3. Olecranons (Holy Crayon) {elbows}. 4. Scapulae (shoulder bone). 5. Occipital bone (posterior base of the cranium {skull}). 6. Pelvis (ilia and ischia).
Ecchymosis (ecchymotic)	black + blue mark caused by bleeding under the skin AKA hematoma or contusion or bruise
edema (edematous)	tissue swelling caused by an accumulation of fluid
pitting edema	fluid accumulation where indentations occur after light palpation
eschar(otic)	necrotic tissue caused by a burn
macule (macular)	flat usually erythematous skin lesion
papule (papular)	a raised skin lesion < 1cm
nodule (nodular)	a raised skin lesion > 1cm
nevus (nevi)	mole(s) or birthmark(s)
petechia(e)	pinpoint skin hemorrhage(s)
purpura (happy cat)	a combination of ecchymosis and petechiae
pustule (pustular)	a papule filled with pus
abscess (abscesses)	a collection of pus
verruca(e)	wart(s)
pallor	paleness
vesicle	a raised lesion filled with a clear liquid AKA a blister or bulla (> 1cm) or bleb (< 1 cm)
abrasion	mechanical superficial damage to the skin AKA “scrape”
excoriation	chemical superficial damage to the skin such as “diaper rash”
cellulitis (dermatitis)	inflammation of skin cells
urticaria	hives AKA wheals
Urticaria	an indication of an allergic reaction.
cyst	a thickening or lump
furuncle	an infection of a hair follicle and adjacent tissue AKA a boil
carbuncle (car load)	a cluster of furuncles
gangrene (gangrenous)	putrefaction (rot) caused by tissue necrosis and microbial proliferation
laceration	tissue that is cut, torn, or ripped
avulsion	tearing any part of the body away from the whole
xeroderma	dry skin
ichthyosis	dry scaly skin
crustation(s)	scab(s)
vitiligo (Michael Jackson)	localized loss of skin pigmentation characterized by milk-white patches

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