blood vessels and circulation
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| What are the 3 layers of the arteries and veins | Tunica extruna, tunica media, tunica intima
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| what does the tunica extruna look like in a artery | thick with collagen and elastic fibers
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| what does the tunica extruna look like in a VEIN | thick with collagen and elastic, smooth muscles cells
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| what does the tunica media look like in a artery | thick dominated by smooth musccle cell sand elastic fibers with exturnal elastic membrane
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| what does the tunica media look like in a vein | thin, dominated by smooth muscle cells and collagen fibers
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| what does the tunica intima look like in a artery | endothelium that is rippled due to vessel constriction and has internal elastic membrane
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| what does the tunica intima look like in a vein | often smooth
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| what is the tunica externa is made of what | connective tissue
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| what is the tunica media is made of | smooth muscle
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| what is the tunica intima is made of | endothelium
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| muscular arteries and arteriols regulate flow how | sympathetic-smooth muscle to increase by vasoconstriction (narrow) vasodilation (relaxation)
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| arteriols regulate flow of blood into what | capillaries
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| what holds 64% of total blood volume | systemic venules and veins
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| cardiac output | CO=MABP divded by SVR
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| SVR stands for | Systemin vascular resistance
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| what is the natual damping of blood flow | SVR Systemin vascular resistance
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| what factors cause the SVR to rise | small blood vessel radius higher blood viscosity longer vessel length
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| what happens when SVR (Systemin vascular resistance) | BP
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| if co goes up what else does | blood flow, vasodilation
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| what is the mean arterial pressure formula | diastolic pressure + pulse pressure/ 3
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| what is the mean arterial pressure | diffenece of blood as it leaves L ventrical entering R atrium
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| if MABP goes up what happens to blood flow | goes up
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| what is SBP | Systolic Blood pressure contraction of ventrical
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| what is DBP | Diasolic blood pressure relaxiing of ventrical
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| in blood pressure reading 120/90 what is 12o | SBP Systolic Blood pressure contraction of ventrical
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| in blood pressure reading 120/90 what is 90 | DBP Diasolic blood pressure relaxiing of ventrical
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| where is the slowest blood velocity | capillaries because of the incomplet casing with holes to allow exchange material
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| where is fastest highest blood velcity | in arteries and veins which has lower cross-sectional area
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| where is the BP highest | arota, arteries then drops as moves thur capillaries
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| vasocontriction do to smooth muscle contration does what to SVR and Blood flow | SVR ^ (Systemin vascular resistance) Blood flow down
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| where is the slowest blood velocity in and why | capillaries because of their total cross sectional area is large
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| where is the fastest blood velocity in and why | arteries and veins because lower cross sectional area
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| what is the cross sectional area the lowest in what type of artery | elastic
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| where is BP the highest | aorta and arteries then drops as moves though capillaries
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| what is anaplexic shock | not enough blood flowing
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| what venous return is what | volume of blood returning to the heart from the systemic circulation
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| what do kidneys do what for blood regulation | reabsorb Na+ and water
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| when reabsorption goes up what else goes up | blood volume, venouse return CO, SV
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| if you get rid of Na+ and h2o what happens to blood volume, venouse return, CO, SV | goes down
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| what is venous tone | degree of smooth muscle contractin
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| when venous tone goes up what happens | venoconstriction, venous storage drops, moves more blood thru vein and ups venous return to make CO go up
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| what happens when venous tone goes down | venodilation which ups venous storage and venouse return drops with CO
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| what prevents back flow of blood in veins | valves in walls
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| staying in on position for to long do what for CO | go down cause skeletal muscles are not pumping veins
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| what compesses and decompresses veins in thoracic and abdominal cavities | diaphragm
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| what is diffusion | net movement of ions or molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low consentration
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| what is filtration | movement of fluid from blood to interstitial fluid
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| what are the 3 process of capillary exchange | diffusion, filtration, reabsorption
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| what drives filtration in capillary exchange | hydrostatic pressure
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| what is hydrostactic pressure | governs what will be pushed thru in filtration in capillary exchange which pushes water from area of high pressure to area of low pressure
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| what is interstitial fluid | fluid that surrounds cells and blood vessels
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| what is reabsorption | movement of fluid from interstitial fluid to blood
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| how does reabsorbtion happen | osmosis which is movement of water across semipermeable membrane
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| what is osmosis | movement of water across semipermeable membrane
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| what drives reabsorption | osmotic pressure which is BCOP (blood colloid osotic pressure)
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| what is BCOP | blood colloid osotic pressure (osmotic pressure that makes reabsorbtion)
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| what is CHP | Capillary hydrostactic pressure (pushes water and solutes out of capillaries into insterstitial fluid
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| what is NFP | Net filltration pressure CHP (Capillaryy hydrostatic pressure)minus IHP (Iterstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure)
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| if CHP (Capillary hydrostactic pressure) > BCOP (blood colloid osotic pressure) what happenns and where | filtration at the arterlole fluid is forced out of capillary by hydrostactic pressure
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| if BCOP (blood colloid osotic pressure)> CHP(Capillary hydrostactic pressure)what happens | reabsorbtion at the venule fluid from interstitial fluid to blood by osmotic pressre
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| what is NCP | net colloid presure-pulls water and solutes into capillaries from interstitialfluid
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| how do you get NCP (net colloid presure) | BCOP (blood colloid osmotic pressure) minus ICOP (interstital fluid colloid osmotic pressure)
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| what decrease blood colloid osmotic pressure | damage to kidneys means loss of blood plasma proteins
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| what changes as blood passes along capillaries | rates of filtration and reabsorption
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| what is starling's Law of the Capillaries | volume of fluid reabsorbed atthe venous end of capillary is nearly equal to volume of fluid filtered out at arterial end
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| how do you get NFP (net filtration pressure( | NHP (CHP-IHP) - NCOP (BCOP-ICOP) (filtration) (reabsorbtion)
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| how does fluid and protiens that escape from blood to interstital fluid get returned to blood | lymphatic system
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| blockage of lymphatic channels cause what | IHP ( interstitial fluid hydrostactic fluid) to increase
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| what is IHP | interstitial fluid hydrostactic fluid
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| what is edema | fluid build up in peripheral tissues
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| what causes edema | CHP up or BCOP down amount filtarted into interstitial fluid and not enough put back into blood
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| what is autoregulation for the cardiovascular system | immeditate localized homeostatic adjustments
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| the major regulater of regional blood flow in the brain is what | autoregulation
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| if brain doesn't correct with autoregulation what kicks in next | neural and endocrine mechanisms
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| the cardiovascular center is located in what | medulla
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| medulla helps regulate what | HR, SV, BP, blood flow to specific tissues
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| in cardiovascular center what do the baroreceptors do | monitor blood pressure
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| in the cardiovascular center what do chemorecepters do | monitor blood acidity
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| where are baroreceptors located | walls of aorta and carotid arteries neck
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| if baroreceptors detect low BP what do they do to change it sympatheticly | stimulate for CO, SV to go up,
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| if baroreceptors detect low BP what do they do to change it parasympathicly | inhibit stimulation so CO, SV to go up
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| if baroreceptors detect low BP what do they do to change it from vasomoter region | control peripheral resistance by changing diameter of vessels
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| how baroreceptors change low BP from vasomoter region for arterioles | contract smooth muscle up vasomoter tone to up vascular resistance to up BP
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| how baroreceptors change low BP from vasomoter region for veins | contract smooth muscle to move blood to heart to up BP
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| where are chemoreceptors located and do what | aortic and caroted bodies blood acidity, CO2, O2 levels
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| what does ADH do for BP | stimulates conservation of water to up BP
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| what does a ADH deficiency do | lower venous return, low BP, low SV more water absorbtion
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| what is ADH | antidiuretic hormone or vasopressin
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| when does ADH get released from pituitary gland | in response to decreased blood volume
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| What is ANP | atrial natriuretic peptide from cells to right atrium
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| What does ANP do | ups Na+ excretion in urine-> water loss-> low blood volume to low BP
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| what does ANgiotensin II do | Relased from kidneys cause of low renal BP causing Na+ retension so up ADH production to up BP
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| what are ACE inhibitors | antihypertension drugs to decrease angiotension II formation
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| what is in kidneys that is not active hormone | Angiotension I
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| what is anaphylactic shock | release of histomine that is a potent vasodilater to low BP
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| what does epinephrine stimulate | vasoconstrition to up BP
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| basilar artery if formed by what 2 arteries | right and left vertebral artiers
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| what creates the circle of willis or cerebral artieral circle | basilar and internal carotied
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| common caroted turns into what to arteries | left and right vertebral
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| why is there a circle in brain | so blood keeps flowing to keep to brain
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| what does the asending aorta turn into | celiac trunk
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| what does the celiac trunk supply | spleen, liver, stomach
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| what does celiac turn into | superior and inferior mesentric
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| what is the primary artries of the pelvis | internal iliac arteries
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| what supplies blood to colon, rectum, sigmoid | inferior mesenteric
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| what does the interal jugular vein recevie blood from | sigmoid sinuses
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| blood from the vertebral veins flows into | brachiocephalic vein
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| blood flows directly into superior vena cava | brachiocephalic veins
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| the cubital median veins connect what | cephalic and basilic veins
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| great saphenous vein flows into | femoral vein
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| saphenous vein can be |
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| of the 3 blood vessel tunics which has single layer of endothelium w/scant connective tissue | tunica interna
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| of the 3 blood vessel tunics which has a bulky middle coat, w/smooth muscle and elastin | tunica media
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| of the 3 blood vessel tunics which has smooth surface to decrease resistance to blood flow | tunica interna
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| of the 3 blood vessel tunics which has the only tunica of capillaries | tunica interna
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| of the 3 blood vessel tunics which is called adventitia | tunica externa
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| of the 3 blood vessel tunics which plays an active role in blood pressure refulation | tunica media
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| of the 3 blood vessel tunics which has supporting and protective coat | tunica externa
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| of the 3 blood vessel tunics which forms venous valves | tunica interna
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| what blood vessels transport blood away from the heart | arteries
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| what blood vessels are the largest arteries w/low resistance | elastic
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| what blood vessels control blood flow into individual capillary beds | arterioles
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| what blood vessels are where lumen are the size of red blood cells | capillaries
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| what blood vessels are the capillary type with uninterrupted lining | continuous
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| what blood vessels of the capillary type have numerous pores and gap junctions | fenstrated
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| what blood vessels of capillary type have intercellular clefts and irregular lumen | sinusoids
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| what blood vessels are formed when capillaries unite | arteries
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| what blood vessels veins with only a tunica intima and supported by surrounding tissues | venous sinuses
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| what is the importance of arterial anastomoses | provide alternate pathway for blood to reach organs
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| where are venous blood reservoirs most abundent | skin and visceral organs
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| why are veins called blood reservoirs | store 65% of blood
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| expansion and recoil of an artery during heart activity concerns blood pressure or pulse | pulse
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| pressure exerted by blood against the blood vessel walls concerns blood pressure or pulse | blood pressure
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| event primarily responsible for peripheral resistance concerns blood pressure or pulse | constriction of arteriole
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| blood pressure during heart contraction concerns blood pressure or pulse | systolic blood pressure
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| blood pressure during heart relaxation concerns blood pressure or pulse | diastolic blood pressure
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| site where blood pressure determinations are normally made | over arteries
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| points where surface where pulse may be felt | pressure points, over arteries
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| sounds heard over blood vessel when the vessel is partially compressed | sounds of Korotkoff
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| increased diameter of arteriols increase or decrease blood pressure | decrease
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| increased blood viscosity increase or decrease blood pressure | increase
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| increased cardiac output increase or decrease blood pressure | increase
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| increased pulse rate increase or decrease blood pressure | increase
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| anxiety, fear increase or decrease blood pressure | increase
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| increased urine output increase or decrease blood pressure | decrease
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| sudden change in postition from reclining to standing increase or decrease blood pressure | decrease
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| physical exercise increase or decrease blood pressure | increase
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| physical training increase or decrease blood pressure | decrese
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| alcohol increase or decrease blood pressure | decrease
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| hemorrhage increase or decrease blood pressure | decrease
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| nicotine increase or decrease blood pressure | increase
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| renin released by kidneys cause what in blood pressure | increase
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| 2 organs which vasoconstrition rarely occurs where | brain, heart
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| nervous system controls blood pressure and distribution by altering diameters of what | arterioles
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| where is vasomotor center for blood pressure control | medulla
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| ANP produced by atria causes what in blood pressure and volume | reduction
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| the hormone vasopressin causes what | vasoconstricting
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| blood flows the slowest in | capillaries
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| local adjustment of blood flow to given tissue is what | autoregulation
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| what substances move thru fluid filled capillary clefts | water, water soluble sugars, amino acids
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| what substances move thru endothelial cell plasma membrane | gasses, fat solubles
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| normal conditions the area does hydrostatic pressure predominate | metarteriole
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| what circulation system where blood flow increases when body temp rises | skin
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| what circulation system where major autoregulatory stimulus is drop in pH | cerebral
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| what circulation system where arteries have thin walls and lg. lumens | pulmonary
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| what circulation system where vessels dont constrict but compress during systole | coronary
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| what circulation system where vasodilation by high oxygen | pulmonary
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| what circulation system where capillary flow is sluggish, phagocytes present | heptic
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| what circulation system where additional oxygen is supplied only by increases blood flow | coronary
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| what circulation system where has lg. atypical capillaries w/fenestrations | heptic
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| what circulation system where venouse blood empties into dural sinuses other then veins | cercbral
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| what circulation system where arteriols have receptors for both acetlcholine and epinephrine | skeletaal muscle
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| a pulse is palpable where | muscular arteries
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| kupffer cells are | macrophages in the liver
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| fenestrated capillaries are wher | kidney, intestinal mucosa
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| what 2 vessels are conducting arteries | brachiocephalic and common iliac arteries
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| the most important factor in blood pressure regulation is | short term changes in blood vessel diameter
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| vasomotor fibers that secrete acetylcholine are found in | skeletal muscle
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| chemical factors that increase blood pressure | endothelin and ADH
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| what are the 2 arteries formed by division of brachiocephalic artery | common carotid, superior mesenteric
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| first branches off ascending aortic are | coronary
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| 2 paired arteries that serve the brain | internal carotid, vertebral
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| arterial of the dorsum of foot | dorsalis pedis
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| what artery supplies the diaphragm | phrenic
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| what artery supplies last half of lg. intestine | inferior mesenteric
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| splits to form the radial and ulnar arteries | brachial
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| what artery supplies pelvis | internal iliac
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| auscultated to determine blood pressure in arm | brachial
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| major artery that serves the arm | brachial
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| what artery supplies sm. intestine and part of lg. | superior mesenteric
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| terminal branches of dorsal, descending aorta | common iliac
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| what artery supplies external tissues of skull | external carotid
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| what 3 arteries supply the legs | anterior and posterior tibial, fibular
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| artery that gives pulse at wrist | radial
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| whats the name of anastomosis that allows communication of front and back blood supplies of brain | circle of willis
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| what 2 arteries arise from internal carotid | anterior and posterior cerebral
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| posterior cerebral arteries arise from what | basilar
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| deep veins that drain forearm | radial, ulnar
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| receives blood from arm via axillary vein | subclavian
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| drains venous blood from myocardium of heart into coronary sinus | cephalic
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| drains kidney | renal
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| drains dural sinuses of brain | internal jugular
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| join to become superior vena cava | brachiocephalic(s)
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| drain leg and foot | anterior and posterior tibial
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| carries blood from digestive organs to liver for processing | hepatic portal
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| drains ovaries and testes | gonadal
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| drains thorax | inferior vena cava
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| drains liver | hepatic
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| 3 veins that form hepatic portal vein | gastric, inferior and superior mesenteric
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| longest superficial vein in body | great saphenous
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| formed by union of external and internal iliac veins | common iliac
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| deep vein of thigh | femoral
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