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blood vessels
blood vessels and circulation
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 3 layers of the arteries and veins | Tunica extruna, tunica media, tunica intima |
| what does the tunica extruna look like in a artery | thick with collagen and elastic fibers |
| what does the tunica extruna look like in a VEIN | thick with collagen and elastic, smooth muscles cells |
| what does the tunica media look like in a artery | thick dominated by smooth musccle cell sand elastic fibers with exturnal elastic membrane |
| what does the tunica media look like in a vein | thin, dominated by smooth muscle cells and collagen fibers |
| what does the tunica intima look like in a artery | endothelium that is rippled due to vessel constriction and has internal elastic membrane |
| what does the tunica intima look like in a vein | often smooth |
| what is the tunica externa is made of what | connective tissue |
| what is the tunica media is made of | smooth muscle |
| what is the tunica intima is made of | endothelium |
| muscular arteries and arteriols regulate flow how | sympathetic-smooth muscle to increase by vasoconstriction (narrow) vasodilation (relaxation) |
| arteriols regulate flow of blood into what | capillaries |
| what holds 64% of total blood volume | systemic venules and veins |
| cardiac output | CO=MABP divded by SVR |
| SVR stands for | Systemin vascular resistance |
| what is the natual damping of blood flow | SVR Systemin vascular resistance |
| what factors cause the SVR to rise | small blood vessel radius higher blood viscosity longer vessel length |
| what happens when SVR (Systemin vascular resistance) | BP |
| if co goes up what else does | blood flow, vasodilation |
| what is the mean arterial pressure formula | diastolic pressure + pulse pressure/ 3 |
| what is the mean arterial pressure | diffenece of blood as it leaves L ventrical entering R atrium |
| if MABP goes up what happens to blood flow | goes up |
| what is SBP | Systolic Blood pressure contraction of ventrical |
| what is DBP | Diasolic blood pressure relaxiing of ventrical |
| in blood pressure reading 120/90 what is 12o | SBP Systolic Blood pressure contraction of ventrical |
| in blood pressure reading 120/90 what is 90 | DBP Diasolic blood pressure relaxiing of ventrical |
| where is the slowest blood velocity | capillaries because of the incomplet casing with holes to allow exchange material |
| where is fastest highest blood velcity | in arteries and veins which has lower cross-sectional area |
| where is the BP highest | arota, arteries then drops as moves thur capillaries |
| vasocontriction do to smooth muscle contration does what to SVR and Blood flow | SVR ^ (Systemin vascular resistance) Blood flow down |
| where is the slowest blood velocity in and why | capillaries because of their total cross sectional area is large |
| where is the fastest blood velocity in and why | arteries and veins because lower cross sectional area |
| what is the cross sectional area the lowest in what type of artery | elastic |
| where is BP the highest | aorta and arteries then drops as moves though capillaries |
| what is anaplexic shock | not enough blood flowing |
| what venous return is what | volume of blood returning to the heart from the systemic circulation |
| what do kidneys do what for blood regulation | reabsorb Na+ and water |
| when reabsorption goes up what else goes up | blood volume, venouse return CO, SV |
| if you get rid of Na+ and h2o what happens to blood volume, venouse return, CO, SV | goes down |
| what is venous tone | degree of smooth muscle contractin |
| when venous tone goes up what happens | venoconstriction, venous storage drops, moves more blood thru vein and ups venous return to make CO go up |
| what happens when venous tone goes down | venodilation which ups venous storage and venouse return drops with CO |
| what prevents back flow of blood in veins | valves in walls |
| staying in on position for to long do what for CO | go down cause skeletal muscles are not pumping veins |
| what compesses and decompresses veins in thoracic and abdominal cavities | diaphragm |
| what is diffusion | net movement of ions or molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low consentration |
| what is filtration | movement of fluid from blood to interstitial fluid |
| what are the 3 process of capillary exchange | diffusion, filtration, reabsorption |
| what drives filtration in capillary exchange | hydrostatic pressure |
| what is hydrostactic pressure | governs what will be pushed thru in filtration in capillary exchange which pushes water from area of high pressure to area of low pressure |
| what is interstitial fluid | fluid that surrounds cells and blood vessels |
| what is reabsorption | movement of fluid from interstitial fluid to blood |
| how does reabsorbtion happen | osmosis which is movement of water across semipermeable membrane |
| what is osmosis | movement of water across semipermeable membrane |
| what drives reabsorption | osmotic pressure which is BCOP (blood colloid osotic pressure) |
| what is BCOP | blood colloid osotic pressure (osmotic pressure that makes reabsorbtion) |
| what is CHP | Capillary hydrostactic pressure (pushes water and solutes out of capillaries into insterstitial fluid |
| what is NFP | Net filltration pressure CHP (Capillaryy hydrostatic pressure)minus IHP (Iterstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure) |
| if CHP (Capillary hydrostactic pressure) > BCOP (blood colloid osotic pressure) what happenns and where | filtration at the arterlole fluid is forced out of capillary by hydrostactic pressure |
| if BCOP (blood colloid osotic pressure)> CHP(Capillary hydrostactic pressure)what happens | reabsorbtion at the venule fluid from interstitial fluid to blood by osmotic pressre |
| what is NCP | net colloid presure-pulls water and solutes into capillaries from interstitialfluid |
| how do you get NCP (net colloid presure) | BCOP (blood colloid osmotic pressure) minus ICOP (interstital fluid colloid osmotic pressure) |
| what decrease blood colloid osmotic pressure | damage to kidneys means loss of blood plasma proteins |
| what changes as blood passes along capillaries | rates of filtration and reabsorption |
| what is starling's Law of the Capillaries | volume of fluid reabsorbed atthe venous end of capillary is nearly equal to volume of fluid filtered out at arterial end |
| how do you get NFP (net filtration pressure( | NHP (CHP-IHP) - NCOP (BCOP-ICOP) (filtration) (reabsorbtion) |
| how does fluid and protiens that escape from blood to interstital fluid get returned to blood | lymphatic system |
| blockage of lymphatic channels cause what | IHP ( interstitial fluid hydrostactic fluid) to increase |
| what is IHP | interstitial fluid hydrostactic fluid |
| what is edema | fluid build up in peripheral tissues |
| what causes edema | CHP up or BCOP down amount filtarted into interstitial fluid and not enough put back into blood |
| what is autoregulation for the cardiovascular system | immeditate localized homeostatic adjustments |
| the major regulater of regional blood flow in the brain is what | autoregulation |
| if brain doesn't correct with autoregulation what kicks in next | neural and endocrine mechanisms |
| the cardiovascular center is located in what | medulla |
| medulla helps regulate what | HR, SV, BP, blood flow to specific tissues |
| in cardiovascular center what do the baroreceptors do | monitor blood pressure |
| in the cardiovascular center what do chemorecepters do | monitor blood acidity |
| where are baroreceptors located | walls of aorta and carotid arteries neck |
| if baroreceptors detect low BP what do they do to change it sympatheticly | stimulate for CO, SV to go up, |
| if baroreceptors detect low BP what do they do to change it parasympathicly | inhibit stimulation so CO, SV to go up |
| if baroreceptors detect low BP what do they do to change it from vasomoter region | control peripheral resistance by changing diameter of vessels |
| how baroreceptors change low BP from vasomoter region for arterioles | contract smooth muscle up vasomoter tone to up vascular resistance to up BP |
| how baroreceptors change low BP from vasomoter region for veins | contract smooth muscle to move blood to heart to up BP |
| where are chemoreceptors located and do what | aortic and caroted bodies blood acidity, CO2, O2 levels |
| what does ADH do for BP | stimulates conservation of water to up BP |
| what does a ADH deficiency do | lower venous return, low BP, low SV more water absorbtion |
| what is ADH | antidiuretic hormone or vasopressin |
| when does ADH get released from pituitary gland | in response to decreased blood volume |
| What is ANP | atrial natriuretic peptide from cells to right atrium |
| What does ANP do | ups Na+ excretion in urine-> water loss-> low blood volume to low BP |
| what does ANgiotensin II do | Relased from kidneys cause of low renal BP causing Na+ retension so up ADH production to up BP |
| what are ACE inhibitors | antihypertension drugs to decrease angiotension II formation |
| what is in kidneys that is not active hormone | Angiotension I |
| what is anaphylactic shock | release of histomine that is a potent vasodilater to low BP |
| what does epinephrine stimulate | vasoconstrition to up BP |
| basilar artery if formed by what 2 arteries | right and left vertebral artiers |
| what creates the circle of willis or cerebral artieral circle | basilar and internal carotied |
| common caroted turns into what to arteries | left and right vertebral |
| why is there a circle in brain | so blood keeps flowing to keep to brain |
| what does the asending aorta turn into | celiac trunk |
| what does the celiac trunk supply | spleen, liver, stomach |
| what does celiac turn into | superior and inferior mesentric |
| what is the primary artries of the pelvis | internal iliac arteries |
| what supplies blood to colon, rectum, sigmoid | inferior mesenteric |
| what does the interal jugular vein recevie blood from | sigmoid sinuses |
| blood from the vertebral veins flows into | brachiocephalic vein |
| blood flows directly into superior vena cava | brachiocephalic veins |
| the cubital median veins connect what | cephalic and basilic veins |
| great saphenous vein flows into | femoral vein |
| saphenous vein can be | |
| of the 3 blood vessel tunics which has single layer of endothelium w/scant connective tissue | tunica interna |
| of the 3 blood vessel tunics which has a bulky middle coat, w/smooth muscle and elastin | tunica media |
| of the 3 blood vessel tunics which has smooth surface to decrease resistance to blood flow | tunica interna |
| of the 3 blood vessel tunics which has the only tunica of capillaries | tunica interna |
| of the 3 blood vessel tunics which is called adventitia | tunica externa |
| of the 3 blood vessel tunics which plays an active role in blood pressure refulation | tunica media |
| of the 3 blood vessel tunics which has supporting and protective coat | tunica externa |
| of the 3 blood vessel tunics which forms venous valves | tunica interna |
| what blood vessels transport blood away from the heart | arteries |
| what blood vessels are the largest arteries w/low resistance | elastic |
| what blood vessels control blood flow into individual capillary beds | arterioles |
| what blood vessels are where lumen are the size of red blood cells | capillaries |
| what blood vessels are the capillary type with uninterrupted lining | continuous |
| what blood vessels of the capillary type have numerous pores and gap junctions | fenstrated |
| what blood vessels of capillary type have intercellular clefts and irregular lumen | sinusoids |
| what blood vessels are formed when capillaries unite | arteries |
| what blood vessels veins with only a tunica intima and supported by surrounding tissues | venous sinuses |
| what is the importance of arterial anastomoses | provide alternate pathway for blood to reach organs |
| where are venous blood reservoirs most abundent | skin and visceral organs |
| why are veins called blood reservoirs | store 65% of blood |
| expansion and recoil of an artery during heart activity concerns blood pressure or pulse | pulse |
| pressure exerted by blood against the blood vessel walls concerns blood pressure or pulse | blood pressure |
| event primarily responsible for peripheral resistance concerns blood pressure or pulse | constriction of arteriole |
| blood pressure during heart contraction concerns blood pressure or pulse | systolic blood pressure |
| blood pressure during heart relaxation concerns blood pressure or pulse | diastolic blood pressure |
| site where blood pressure determinations are normally made | over arteries |
| points where surface where pulse may be felt | pressure points, over arteries |
| sounds heard over blood vessel when the vessel is partially compressed | sounds of Korotkoff |
| increased diameter of arteriols increase or decrease blood pressure | decrease |
| increased blood viscosity increase or decrease blood pressure | increase |
| increased cardiac output increase or decrease blood pressure | increase |
| increased pulse rate increase or decrease blood pressure | increase |
| anxiety, fear increase or decrease blood pressure | increase |
| increased urine output increase or decrease blood pressure | decrease |
| sudden change in postition from reclining to standing increase or decrease blood pressure | decrease |
| physical exercise increase or decrease blood pressure | increase |
| physical training increase or decrease blood pressure | decrese |
| alcohol increase or decrease blood pressure | decrease |
| hemorrhage increase or decrease blood pressure | decrease |
| nicotine increase or decrease blood pressure | increase |
| renin released by kidneys cause what in blood pressure | increase |
| 2 organs which vasoconstrition rarely occurs where | brain, heart |
| nervous system controls blood pressure and distribution by altering diameters of what | arterioles |
| where is vasomotor center for blood pressure control | medulla |
| ANP produced by atria causes what in blood pressure and volume | reduction |
| the hormone vasopressin causes what | vasoconstricting |
| blood flows the slowest in | capillaries |
| local adjustment of blood flow to given tissue is what | autoregulation |
| what substances move thru fluid filled capillary clefts | water, water soluble sugars, amino acids |
| what substances move thru endothelial cell plasma membrane | gasses, fat solubles |
| normal conditions the area does hydrostatic pressure predominate | metarteriole |
| what circulation system where blood flow increases when body temp rises | skin |
| what circulation system where major autoregulatory stimulus is drop in pH | cerebral |
| what circulation system where arteries have thin walls and lg. lumens | pulmonary |
| what circulation system where vessels dont constrict but compress during systole | coronary |
| what circulation system where vasodilation by high oxygen | pulmonary |
| what circulation system where capillary flow is sluggish, phagocytes present | heptic |
| what circulation system where additional oxygen is supplied only by increases blood flow | coronary |
| what circulation system where has lg. atypical capillaries w/fenestrations | heptic |
| what circulation system where venouse blood empties into dural sinuses other then veins | cercbral |
| what circulation system where arteriols have receptors for both acetlcholine and epinephrine | skeletaal muscle |
| a pulse is palpable where | muscular arteries |
| kupffer cells are | macrophages in the liver |
| fenestrated capillaries are wher | kidney, intestinal mucosa |
| what 2 vessels are conducting arteries | brachiocephalic and common iliac arteries |
| the most important factor in blood pressure regulation is | short term changes in blood vessel diameter |
| vasomotor fibers that secrete acetylcholine are found in | skeletal muscle |
| chemical factors that increase blood pressure | endothelin and ADH |
| what are the 2 arteries formed by division of brachiocephalic artery | common carotid, superior mesenteric |
| first branches off ascending aortic are | coronary |
| 2 paired arteries that serve the brain | internal carotid, vertebral |
| arterial of the dorsum of foot | dorsalis pedis |
| what artery supplies the diaphragm | phrenic |
| what artery supplies last half of lg. intestine | inferior mesenteric |
| splits to form the radial and ulnar arteries | brachial |
| what artery supplies pelvis | internal iliac |
| auscultated to determine blood pressure in arm | brachial |
| major artery that serves the arm | brachial |
| what artery supplies sm. intestine and part of lg. | superior mesenteric |
| terminal branches of dorsal, descending aorta | common iliac |
| what artery supplies external tissues of skull | external carotid |
| what 3 arteries supply the legs | anterior and posterior tibial, fibular |
| artery that gives pulse at wrist | radial |
| whats the name of anastomosis that allows communication of front and back blood supplies of brain | circle of willis |
| what 2 arteries arise from internal carotid | anterior and posterior cerebral |
| posterior cerebral arteries arise from what | basilar |
| deep veins that drain forearm | radial, ulnar |
| receives blood from arm via axillary vein | subclavian |
| drains venous blood from myocardium of heart into coronary sinus | cephalic |
| drains kidney | renal |
| drains dural sinuses of brain | internal jugular |
| join to become superior vena cava | brachiocephalic(s) |
| drain leg and foot | anterior and posterior tibial |
| carries blood from digestive organs to liver for processing | hepatic portal |
| drains ovaries and testes | gonadal |
| drains thorax | inferior vena cava |
| drains liver | hepatic |
| 3 veins that form hepatic portal vein | gastric, inferior and superior mesenteric |
| longest superficial vein in body | great saphenous |
| formed by union of external and internal iliac veins | common iliac |
| deep vein of thigh | femoral |
Created by:
mbruckman03
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