Chapter 10 Page 234
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| Acute glomerulonephritis is an | inflammation of the kidneys primarily affecting
children and young adults.
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| Acute glomerulonephritis usually occurs 1-4 weeks after a | streptococcal infection ( ).
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| Signs and symptoms of acute glomerulonephritis include: | 1. Chills and pyrexia
2. Anorexia
3. General weakness.
4. Generalized edema especially in the face and ankles.
5. Albuminuria
6. Hematuria
7. Casts in the urine
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| The Px ( ) for acute glomerulonephritis is generally good if | a chronic degeneration of nephrons
( ) does not occur.
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| Chronic glomerulonephritis is an | inflammation of the kidneys that may persist for years with remissions
( ) and relapses ( ).
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| Chronic glomerulonephritis is usually accompanied by | HTN ( ).
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| A sign of chronic glomerulonephritis is | low spec. grav. ( ) of the urine.
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| The end result of chronic glomerulonephritis can be | renal atrophy ( ) and RF ( ).
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| The RF causes | uremia ( ).
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| Uremia (azotemia) means | a blood condition of excessive nitrogenous ( ) waste.
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| RF ( ) prevents the kidneys from eliminating | nitrogenous ( ) wastes.
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| Blood tests commonly used to detect renal failure (RF) include: | 1. BUN ( ).
2. Cc ( ).
3. Cys C ( ).
4. GFR ( ).
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| Causes of ARF include: | 1. Hypovolemic shock.
2. Blood type or Rh incompatibility.
3. Kidney disease.
4. Trauma.
5. Poisoning.
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| Signs and symptoms of ARF include: | 1. Oliguria
2. Anuria
3. Uremia
4. Ammonia breath.
5.Hyperkalemia 6.Muscle weakness that can lead to cardiac arrest.
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| Tx of ARF ( ) includes: | 1. Remedy the cause.
2. HD ( ) until the kidneys begin to function properly.
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| Another type of dialysis is called | CAPD (
).
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| CRF is usually caused by long standing kidney disease such as: | 1. Chronic glomerulonephritis.
2. Chronic HTN ( ).
3. DN ( ).
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| Tx for CRF includes: | 1. HD ( ).
2. Kidney transplantation.
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| CRF ( ) can also be caused by | ATN (
).
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| Causes of ATN include nephrotoxic agents such as: | 1. Certain antibiotics ( ).
2. Dyes used in diagnostic procedures.
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| Pyelonephritis is a | suppurative ( ) inflammation of a renal pelvis.
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| Pyelonephritis is usually caused by pyogenic ( ) organisms such as: | 1. E. coli ( ).
2. Strep ( ).
3. Staph ( ).
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| These microorganisms can cause | abscesses ( ) to form.
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| Signs and symptoms of pyelonephritis include: | 1. Chills and pyrexia
2. Back and abdominal pain.
3. Dysuria ( ).
4. Pyuria ( ).
5. Bacteriuria ( ).
6. Hematuria
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| Tx for pyelonephritis includes the use of | antibiotics ( ).
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| The Px ( ) for pyelonephritis is | good.
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| Renal carcinoma occurs more frequently ( ) in | 50 to 60 year old men.
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| The incidence of renal carcinoma doubles for | smokers.
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| The Px ( ) for renal carcinoma is poor because | metastases ( ) to the lungs, liver, bone, and brain usually occur before signs and symptoms appear.
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| The chief sign of renal carcinoma is | painless hematuria (
).
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| A WT ( ) is a | malignant fast growing renal tumor in very young children.
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| The chief sign of a Wilm’s tumor (WT) is | painless hematuria (
).
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| The Px ( ) for a WT is | good if metastasis ( ) has not occurred.
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| The medical terms for kidney stones are | nephrolithiasis and urinary ( ) calculi.
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| Urinary calculi occur more frequently in 20 to 40 year old | men ( ).
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| Signs and symptoms of nephrolithiasis occur when a calculus obstructs a | ureter.
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| Signs and symptoms of nephrolithiasis include: | 1. Sharp severe retroperitoneal ( ) pain radiating to the inguinal ( ) region.
2. Hematuria ( ).
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| Causes of nephrolithiasis include: | 1. Dietary Ca ( ) excess ( ).
2. Dietary protein and Na ( ) excess.
3. Hyperparathyroidism.
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| A calculus that fills the renal pelvis completely is called a | staghorn calculus.
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| Tests commonly used to detect a renal calculus include: | 1. KUB ( ).
2. Renal ultrasound.
3. CT ( ).
4. IVP ( ).
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| Tx ( ) for a calculus that impedes the flow of urine is a | ESWL (
).
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| Hydronephrosis occurs when | a kidney becomes extremely dilated with urine.
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| Causes of hydronephrosis include: | 1. Renal calculus ( ).
2. Tumor.
3. BPH (
).
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| Tx for hydronephrosis involves | removal of the obstruction before permanent damage to a kidney(s) occurs.
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| The leading risk factors for CKD include: | 1. DM ( ).
2. Chronic HTN ( ).
3. WT ( ) gain.
4. Smoking.
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| Women who drink two or more cans of regular soda per day are | twice as likely to develop CKD
( ).
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| Cystitis is an | inflammation of the urinary bladder AKA
“bladder infection.”
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| Cystitis is more common in women because | the female urethra is shorter than in males.
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| The chief causative agent of cystitis is | E. coli ( ).
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| Signs and symptoms of cystitis include: | 1. Urinary frequency
2. Urgency
3. Dysuria ( ).
4. Bacteriuria ( ).
5. Pyuria
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| Tx ( ) for cystitis includes: | 1. Forcing fluids.
2. Antibiotics.
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| The Px ( ) for cystitis is | good.
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| Methods to decrease the incidence of cystitis include: 1-4 | 1.Wiping from front to back after a BM
2.Take showers for hygiene instead of baths
3.Do not douche unless directed by a physician.
4.Refrain from wearing tight fitting pants.
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| Methods to decrease the incidence of cystitis include: 5-8 | 5.Wearing cotton underwear
6.Urinate after coitus
7.Increase fluid intake every day and include cranberry juice.
8.Vitamin C supplement taken in the evening.
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| Urethritis is | inflammation of the urethra
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| Urethritis in males may be caused by | GC ( ).
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| Signs and symptoms of urethritis include: | 1. Dysuria ( ).
2. Balanorrhea (
).
3. Testicular edema ( ).
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| Urethritis in females commonly accompanies | cystitis.
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| Tx ( ) for urethritis includes | antibiotics ( ).
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| PID stands for |
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| PID refers to an | inflammation of the female pelvic reproductive organs.
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| Common causes of PID ( ) | include the STDs (
)
GC ( ) and chlamydia.
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| Signs and symptoms of PID include: | 1. Lower abdominal pain.
2. Pyrexia
3. Dysuria
4. Pungent leukorrhea (
).
5. Dyspareunia ( ).
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| A complication of untreated PID ( ) is | infertility ( ).
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| Tx ( ) for PID includes | antibiotics, ASA ( ), bed rest, and fluids.
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| Vaginitis is an inflammation of the vagina commonly caused by: | 1. Candida albicans ( ).
2. Trichomonas ( ).
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| Candidiasis is AKA | yeast infection.
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| Candida proliferation ( ) can occur with the over use of | antibiotics or douches.
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| Candida proliferation can destroy the normal vaginal flora ( ) allowing | opportunistic yeast infections to occur.
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| Signs and symptoms of vaginitis include: | 1. Pungent leukorrhea (
).
2. Vaginal pruritus ( ).
3. Vaginal burning and soreness.
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| A common Tx for candidiasis is | Monistat ( ).
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| A common Tx for trichomoniasis is | Flagyl ( ).
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| The incidence of yeast infections can be reduced by drinking 2 or more glasses of | milk daily.
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| Atrophic vaginitis is caused by | atrophy ( ) of the vaginal septa ( ).
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| Atrophic vaginitis is commonly caused by a decrease in | estrogen associated with menopause.
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| A common complaint of atrophic vaginitis is | dyspareunia ( ).
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| Tx ( ) for atrophic vaginitis includes: | 1. ERT ( ) AKA HRT ( )
2. Antibiotic creams.
3. Steroid creams.
4. Water soluble lubricants
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| Puerperal sepsis is an infection of the endometrium ( ) occurring after | parturition ( ) or abortion (
).
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| The most common cause of puerperal sepsis is | poor aseptic technique during parturition ( ) or abortion (
).
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| The poor aseptic technique allows pathogens such as | staphylococci ( ), streptococci, ( ) or E. coli (
) to enter the uterine wall.
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| These pathogens will cause | necrosis ( ) of the endometrium (
).
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| A complication of puerperal sepsis is | septic shock.
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| Signs and symptoms of puerperal sepsis include: | 1. Pyrexia ( ) and chills.
2. Profuse ( ) and/or pungent lochia (
).
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| Tx ( ) for puerperal sepsis is | antibiotic therapy.
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| Cervical cancer refers to a | malignancy of the Cx ( ).
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| Cervical cancer has a good Px ( ) if | detected before metastasis ( ).
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| The most common test to detect cervical malignancy is the | PAP test ( ) every two years.
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| After age 30 and after 3 consecutive negative PAP tests, | every 3 years.
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| No PAP required after a | hysterectomy ( ).
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| Pap tests should begin within | 3 years of becoming sexually active or by age 21.
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| A cervical lesion detected before metastasis ( ) is called | CIS ( ).
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| Tx for carcinoma in situ includes: | 1. Conization
2. Cryosurgery
3. Cauterization
4.Hysterectomy
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| Risk factors for cervical malignancy include: | 1. Poor hygiene.
2. HPV ( ).
3. Multiple sexual partners.
4. Intercourse at an early age.
5. Smoking.
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| Fibroid tumors are | benign tumors of the myometrium
( ).
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| Fibroid tumors are also called | leiomyomas.
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| Fibroid tumors are more common in | African American and obese women.
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| The risk of developing leiomyomas is | 1 in 5 women under the age of 50.
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| Signs and symptoms of fibroid tumors include: | 1. Pelvic pain.
2. Menorrhagia
3. Metrorrhagia
4. Dyspareunia
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| Tx ( ) options for leiomyomas include: | 1. Myomectomy
2. Myolysis
3. Hysterectomy
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| The most common ovarian neoplasm is an | ovarian cyst.
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| An ovarian cyst is usually a | benign ( ) fluid filled sac.
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| An ovarian cyst will usually resolve with time but a large cyst that interferes with blood flow can be | removed surgically.
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| PCOS ( ) is characterized by | androgen ( ) and insulin imbalance.
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| Signs and symptoms of PCOS include: | 1. WT ( ) gain and
HTN ( ).
2. Increased facial and body hair.
3. Alopecia ( ).
4. Irregular menses
5. MDD
6. Infertility
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| An ovarian malignancy is the | fifth leading cause of cancer death in women.
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| Signs and symptoms of an ovarian malignancy include: | 1. Prolonged abdominal bloating and pelvic pain.
2. Chronic fatigue.
3. Anorexia ( ).
4. WT ( ) loss.
5. Prolonged urinary frequency.
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| Risk factors for an ovarian malignancy include: | 1. High fat diet.
2. Nulliparity ( ).
3. Family history of ovarian, breast, or colorectal cancer.
4. Childbearing after age 30.
5. Delayed menopause.
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| Ovarian malignancies occur more frequently | perimenopausal and postmenopausal.
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| Tx for an ovarian malignancy includes: | 1.Oophorectomy and hysterectomy
2. Chemotherapy
3. Radiation therapy.
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| If caught before metastasis, the five year survival rate for an ovarian malignancy is | 93%.
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| If caught after metastasis the five year survival rate for an ovarian malignancy is | 20-30%.
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| A chemical in the blood that can elevate with the presence of an ovarian malignancy is | CA-125.
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| The risk of ovarian neoplasms decreases with the use of | BCPs ( ).
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| The most common breast malignancy is an | adenocarcinoma.
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| Adenocarcinomas occur more often in: | 1. Nulliparity ( ).
2. Women with a family hx ( ) of breast Ca ( ).
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| Adenocarcinomas frequently occur around the time of | menopause.
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| Common signs of a breast malignancy include: | 1. A hard fixed lump in the upper outer quadrant of a breast.
2. Axillary lymphadenopathy
3. Papillary retraction.
4. The skin can pucker and/or dimple.
5. Papillary ( ) discharge.
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| ACS ( ) mammogram recommendations include: | 1. Annually for 40-49 year olds if
personal or family history exists.
2. Ages 50-74, every
two years.
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| BSE ( ) should be performed | every month starting at age 20.
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| A woman’s lifetime risk of developing a breast malignancy is | 1 in 8 (
).
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| Confirmation of the suspected tumor can be made with a | stereotactic needle biopsy ( ).
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| Malignant breast tumors can metastasize to the lungs, liver, brain, and bone via the | lymphatic system.
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| Tx for a breast malignancy includes: | 1. Lumpectomy ( ).
2. Mastectomy ( ).
3. Radiation therapy.
4. Chemotherapy ( ).
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| Factors that increase the incidence of a breast malignancy include: | 1.ETOH
2. Smoking.
3. Sedentary lifestyle
4.Consuming sugary sweets 3 or more times per week.
5. ERT
6. BCPs
7. Nulliparity
8. Folate ( ) deficiency.
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| Foods rich in folate ( ) include: | leafy green vegetables, fortified cereals, legumes, citrus, bananas, melons, and blackberries.
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| Breast malignancy risk can be significantly reduced by | moderate exercise, healthy weight, and breastfeeding.
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| Breast malignancies are more common in women over the age of | 45.
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| The younger a person is with a breast malignancy, | the more aggressive the disease.
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| The most common benign tumor of a breast is called a | fibroadenoma.
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| Fibroadenomas are usually solid, round, rubbery, painless and | move freely.
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| A second type of benign tumor of a breast is called | FCC ( ) AKA
“lumpy breasts.”
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| FCC usually occur in both breasts and increase in size and tenderness just prior to | menses ( ).
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| A third type of benign breast tumor is a fluid filled | cyst.
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| Breast cysts are round, moveable, and may increase in size and become tender just prior to | menses ( ).
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| TSS is commonly caused by proliferation ( ) of | staph ( ).
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| TSS is associated with | tampon use.
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| Signs of TSS ( ) include: | 1. Hyperthermia ( ).
2. Rash.
3. Peeling skin.
4. GI distress ( ).
5. Hypotension ( ).
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| Tx for TSS ( ) includes: | 1. Fluid replacement.
2. Antibiotic therapy.
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| Women who use tampons are encouraged to | change them frequently and avoid super-absorbent.
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| PMS is a group symptoms that start 1 to 2 weeks | before menstruation ( ) and usually cease ( ) with the onset of menses ( ).
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| Signs and symptoms of PMS include: 1-7 | 1.Lower abdominal bloating and pain.
2.Breast swelling and tenderness.
3.Cephalalgia
4.Weight gain.
5.Acne.
6.Insomnia
7.Mood swings.
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| Signs and symptoms of PMS include: 8-15 | 8.Anxiety.
9.MDD
10.Irritability.
11.Hostility.
12.Crying spells.
13.Food cravings
14.Clumsiness.
15.Fatigue.
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| Tx for PMS includes: | 1. Increase water intake.
2. Regular exercise.
3. Support groups.
4. Stress management techniques.
5. The avoidance of salt, sugar, caffeine, and alcohol.
6. OTC ( ) analgesics.
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| PMDD ( ) is a severe form of | PMS ( ).
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| The signs and symptoms of PMDD are severe enough to | interfere with work, social activities, and relationships.
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| Tx for PMDD includes | sedatives and antidepressants.
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| Endometriosis is a condition caused by | ectopic ( ) endometrium ( ).
🗑
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| The ectopic endometrium responds to the cyclic hormonal stimulation and can cause: | 1. Pelvic pain and bloating.
2. Menorrhagia
3. Metrorrhagia
4. Fatigue.
5. Sterility
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| Tx for endometriosis includes: | 1. Laparoscopic (
) excision of the ectopic endometrium.
2. OCPs ( ) causing amenorrhea
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| An EP occurs when a fertilized ovum implants in tissue other than the | uterus.
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| The most common site for an EP is a | fallopian tube ( ) AKA
“tubal pregnancy.”
🗑
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| Causes of EPs ( ) include | 1. Salpingitis (
) associated with
STDs ( ) causing fallopian adhesions
2. Endometriosis
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| Signs and symptoms of an EP ( ) usually appear within 2 months and include: | 1. Unilateral ( ) abdominal and/or pelvic pain.
2. Vaginal bleeding.
3. Vertigo ( ).
4. Weakness and syncope ( ).
5. N+V
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| Tx for an EP ( ) includes: | 1. Termination of pregnancy with methotrexate or laparoscopic salpingostomy.
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| A spontaneous abortion is AKA | miscarriage.
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| A spontaneous abortion during the first trimester is often caused by a | fetal genetic abnormality ( ).
🗑
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| A spontaneous abortion usually occurs between the | 7th and 12th weeks of gestation (pregnancy).
🗑
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| Causes of miscarriage include: | 1. Infection.
2. Drugs, ETOH ( ), smoking, and caffeine.
3. Poor nutrition.
4. Toxins ( ).
5. Radiation.
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| The surgical procedure performed to scrape the endometrium if placental tissue remains after a miscarriage is called a | D+C (
).
🗑
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| Toxemia is AKA | preeclampsia.
🗑
|
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| Preeclampsia only occurs during | pregnancy ( ).
🗑
|
||||
| The principal signs of preeclampsia include: | 1. PIH
2. Albuminuria (
).
3. Edema
4.Unusual WT gain.
🗑
|
||||
| If seizures develop, the condition is called | eclampsia.
🗑
|
||||
| Prevention techniques include: | 1. Prenatal care.
2. Proper nutrition.
🗑
|
||||
| Prostatitis is an inflammation of the prostate commonly caused by | E. coli ( ) or GC ( ).
🗑
|
||||
| Signs and symptoms of prostatitis include: | 1. Urgency
2. Frequency
3. Dysuria ( ).
4. Pyuria ( ).
5. Hematuria ( ).
6. Painful ejaculation.
🗑
|
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| Prostatitis usually responds well to | antibiotic therapy.
🗑
|
||||
| BPH is a | nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate.
🗑
|
||||
| Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) is more common after the age of | 50.
🗑
|
||||
| The enlarged prostate can frequently be palpated ( ) by | DRE ( ).
🗑
|
||||
| The enlarged prostate squeezes the urethra and the patient will complain of | dysuria (
) and urinary retention
( ).
🗑
|
||||
| Untreated urinary retention can cause | hydronephrosis.
🗑
|
||||
| Tx for BPH ( ) includes: | 1. Avodart or Flomax.
2. Cystoscopy (
and TURP
(
).
🗑
|
||||
| A prostatic carcinoma may be small and initially | asymptomatic ( ).
🗑
|
||||
| Signs and symptoms of a prostatic carcinoma include: | 1. Dysuria
2. Hematuria
3. Anorexia ( ) and WT ( ) loss.
4. Nocturia
5. Urinary incontinence (
) AKA enuresis.
🗑
|
||||
| The blood test to detect a predisposition ( ) for prostatic carcinoma is | PSA ( ).
🗑
|
||||
| A PSA should be performed annually for men over the age of | 50
🗑
|
||||
| Prostatic carcinoma can metastasize ( ) to the | rectum, lymph, and bone.
🗑
|
||||
| A good Px ( ) depends on | early detection.
🗑
|
||||
| Tx for prostatic carcinoma includes: | 1. Chemotherapy
2. Bilateral orchiectomy
3. Radiation therapy.
4. Prostatectomy
🗑
|
||||
| Cryptorchidism refers to an | undescended testicle
🗑
|
||||
| Cryptorchidism can eventually cause | sterility
🗑
|
||||
| Tx for cryptorchidism includes | orchiopexy (
) or orchiectomy
🗑
|
||||
| Impotence is the inability to achieve or maintain an erection AKA | ED ( ).
🗑
|
||||
| Causes of ED include: | 1. Poorly controlled stress.
2. Arteriosclerosis
3. DM
4. Complications of prostatectomy
5. Trauma.
6. Side effects from medications
7. Drug and/or alcohol abuse.
🗑
|
||||
| Tx for ED ( ) includes: | 1. Viagra, Levitra, and Cialis.
2. Penile implants.
🗑
|
||||
| STDs are also known as | STIs ( ).
🗑
|
||||
| Methods to reduce incidence of STIs include: | 1. Abstinence ( ).
2. Monogamy ( ).
3. Barriers ( ).
🗑
|
||||
| Chlamydia is the most common STD and the number one cause of | PID ( ).
🗑
|
||||
| Untreated chlamydia can cause | sterility ( ) in women.
🗑
|
||||
| Chlamydia infections are often | asymptomatic ( ).
🗑
|
||||
| Signs and symptoms of chlamydia for women may include: | 1. Dysuria ( ).
2. Pungent ( ) vaginal discharge.
3. Dyspareunia ( ).
4. Dysmenorrhea
5. Abdominal pain.
6. Vaginal pruritus
🗑
|
||||
| Signs and symptoms of chlamydia for men may include: | 1. Dysuria ( ).
2. Balanorrhea ( ).
3. Testicular edema ( ).
🗑
|
||||
| Chlamydia can be cured with | antibiotics.
🗑
|
||||
| Gonorrhea is caused by | GC ( ) and is the
second most common STD
🗑
|
||||
| Untreated gonorrhea can cause | sterility ( ) in men and women.
🗑
|
||||
| Gonorrhea transmitted to a fetus during delivery can cause | blindness and possibly death.
🗑
|
||||
| Signs and symptoms of gonorrhea usually appear | 2-10 days after exposure.
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|
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| Gonorrhea infections can be | asymptomatic
🗑
|
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| Signs and symptoms of gonorrhea for women may include: | 1. Greenish-yellow vaginal discharge.
2. Lower abdominal and pelvic pain.
3. Pharyngitis ( ).
4. Dysuria
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|
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| Signs and symptoms of gonorrhea for men may include: | 1. Greenish-yellow balanorrhea
( ).
2. Dysuria ( ).
3. Pharyngitis ( )
4. Testicular edema
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|
||||
| Gonorrhea can be cured with | antibiotics
🗑
|
||||
| The primary stage of syphilis is characterized by one or more painless ulcers that appear on the penis, labia, lips, tongue, or anus called | chancres.
🗑
|
||||
| A chancre will develop within a | 10 to 90 days after sexual contact
🗑
|
||||
| A chancre will heal and disappear in | 3-6 weeks.
🗑
|
||||
| This primary stage is treatable with | PCN ( ).
🗑
|
||||
| If primary syphilis is left untreated the secondary stage begins within | 6 weeks to 6 months after exposure and usually lasts 1 to 3 months.
🗑
|
||||
| The secondary stage is characterized by | a non-pruritic rash ( ) typically on the palms and soles.
🗑
|
||||
| The secondary stage is treatable with | PCN ( ).
🗑
|
||||
| The tertiary ( ) stage can occur | years after the primary infection.
🗑
|
||||
| The tertiary stage occurs in approximately | 30% of people infected with syphilis.
🗑
|
||||
| Complications of the tertiary stage include | heart disease, blindness, mental illness, and death.
🗑
|
||||
| Blood tests for syphilis include: | 1. VDRL.
2. RPR.
3. EIA.
🗑
|
||||
| Genital herpes is an extremely painful chronic viral disease caused by the | HSV II ( ).
🗑
|
||||
| In the US, the HSV II affects | 1 in 4 women and 1 in 5 men.
🗑
|
||||
| Symptoms of HSVII generally occur within | 3 weeks of exposure.
🗑
|
||||
| Signs and symptoms of HSV II include: | 1. Multiple painful ( ), pruritic ( ), vesicles
( ) that appear on the genitalia, buttocks, and thighs.
2. Dysuria
3. Vaginal discharge.
🗑
|
||||
| The active lesions appear when the | immune system is compromised.
🗑
|
||||
| This disease is more easily transmitted when the lesions are | active.
🗑
|
||||
| Outbreaks of genital herpes can be treated with | antiviral drugs ( ).
There is no cure.
🗑
|
||||
| There are approximately 30 different types of the | HPV ( ).
🗑
|
||||
| 75-80% of all males and females will be | infected with the HPV during their lifetime.
🗑
|
||||
| For most, the immune system will | defeat the HPV
🗑
|
||||
| 90% of HPV lesions ( ) are caused by | 2 types of the HPV.
🗑
|
||||
| HPV lesions ( ) may appear within | weeks or several months of the sexual exposure.
🗑
|
||||
| HPV lesions ( ) commonly appear on the | penis and scrotum in men and on the perineum in women.
🗑
|
||||
| The primary symptoms of the HPV are | pruritus ( ) and pain
🗑
|
||||
| About 75% of all cervical malignancies are caused by | 2 other types of the HPV
🗑
|
||||
| Uncircumcised men are | three times more likely to be infected with the HPV ( ).
🗑
|
||||
| A vaccine is available for these four types of the HPV called | Gardasil ( ).
🗑
|
||||
| Approved for males and females ages | 9-26.
🗑
|
||||
| Best results occur if vaccine is administered before | exposure ( ).
🗑
|
||||
| Tx for the HPV ( ) includes: | 1. Antiviral medications.
2. Electrocautery ( ).
3. Cryosurgery ( ).
🗑
|
||||
| HPV is also associated with | cardiovascular disease.
🗑
|
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