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Disease Urinary
Chapter 10 Page 234
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Acute glomerulonephritis is an | inflammation of the kidneys primarily affecting children and young adults. |
| Acute glomerulonephritis usually occurs 1-4 weeks after a | streptococcal infection ( ). |
| Signs and symptoms of acute glomerulonephritis include: | 1. Chills and pyrexia 2. Anorexia 3. General weakness. 4. Generalized edema especially in the face and ankles. 5. Albuminuria 6. Hematuria 7. Casts in the urine |
| The Px ( ) for acute glomerulonephritis is generally good if | a chronic degeneration of nephrons ( ) does not occur. |
| Chronic glomerulonephritis is an | inflammation of the kidneys that may persist for years with remissions ( ) and relapses ( ). |
| Chronic glomerulonephritis is usually accompanied by | HTN ( ). |
| A sign of chronic glomerulonephritis is | low spec. grav. ( ) of the urine. |
| The end result of chronic glomerulonephritis can be | renal atrophy ( ) and RF ( ). |
| The RF causes | uremia ( ). |
| Uremia (azotemia) means | a blood condition of excessive nitrogenous ( ) waste. |
| RF ( ) prevents the kidneys from eliminating | nitrogenous ( ) wastes. |
| Blood tests commonly used to detect renal failure (RF) include: | 1. BUN ( ). 2. Cc ( ). 3. Cys C ( ). 4. GFR ( ). |
| Causes of ARF include: | 1. Hypovolemic shock. 2. Blood type or Rh incompatibility. 3. Kidney disease. 4. Trauma. 5. Poisoning. |
| Signs and symptoms of ARF include: | 1. Oliguria 2. Anuria 3. Uremia 4. Ammonia breath. 5.Hyperkalemia 6.Muscle weakness that can lead to cardiac arrest. |
| Tx of ARF ( ) includes: | 1. Remedy the cause. 2. HD ( ) until the kidneys begin to function properly. |
| Another type of dialysis is called | CAPD ( ). |
| CRF is usually caused by long standing kidney disease such as: | 1. Chronic glomerulonephritis. 2. Chronic HTN ( ). 3. DN ( ). |
| Tx for CRF includes: | 1. HD ( ). 2. Kidney transplantation. |
| CRF ( ) can also be caused by | ATN ( ). |
| Causes of ATN include nephrotoxic agents such as: | 1. Certain antibiotics ( ). 2. Dyes used in diagnostic procedures. |
| Pyelonephritis is a | suppurative ( ) inflammation of a renal pelvis. |
| Pyelonephritis is usually caused by pyogenic ( ) organisms such as: | 1. E. coli ( ). 2. Strep ( ). 3. Staph ( ). |
| These microorganisms can cause | abscesses ( ) to form. |
| Signs and symptoms of pyelonephritis include: | 1. Chills and pyrexia 2. Back and abdominal pain. 3. Dysuria ( ). 4. Pyuria ( ). 5. Bacteriuria ( ). 6. Hematuria |
| Tx for pyelonephritis includes the use of | antibiotics ( ). |
| The Px ( ) for pyelonephritis is | good. |
| Renal carcinoma occurs more frequently ( ) in | 50 to 60 year old men. |
| The incidence of renal carcinoma doubles for | smokers. |
| The Px ( ) for renal carcinoma is poor because | metastases ( ) to the lungs, liver, bone, and brain usually occur before signs and symptoms appear. |
| The chief sign of renal carcinoma is | painless hematuria ( ). |
| A WT ( ) is a | malignant fast growing renal tumor in very young children. |
| The chief sign of a Wilm’s tumor (WT) is | painless hematuria ( ). |
| The Px ( ) for a WT is | good if metastasis ( ) has not occurred. |
| The medical terms for kidney stones are | nephrolithiasis and urinary ( ) calculi. |
| Urinary calculi occur more frequently in 20 to 40 year old | men ( ). |
| Signs and symptoms of nephrolithiasis occur when a calculus obstructs a | ureter. |
| Signs and symptoms of nephrolithiasis include: | 1. Sharp severe retroperitoneal ( ) pain radiating to the inguinal ( ) region. 2. Hematuria ( ). |
| Causes of nephrolithiasis include: | 1. Dietary Ca ( ) excess ( ). 2. Dietary protein and Na ( ) excess. 3. Hyperparathyroidism. |
| A calculus that fills the renal pelvis completely is called a | staghorn calculus. |
| Tests commonly used to detect a renal calculus include: | 1. KUB ( ). 2. Renal ultrasound. 3. CT ( ). 4. IVP ( ). |
| Tx ( ) for a calculus that impedes the flow of urine is a | ESWL ( ). |
| Hydronephrosis occurs when | a kidney becomes extremely dilated with urine. |
| Causes of hydronephrosis include: | 1. Renal calculus ( ). 2. Tumor. 3. BPH ( ). |
| Tx for hydronephrosis involves | removal of the obstruction before permanent damage to a kidney(s) occurs. |
| The leading risk factors for CKD include: | 1. DM ( ). 2. Chronic HTN ( ). 3. WT ( ) gain. 4. Smoking. |
| Women who drink two or more cans of regular soda per day are | twice as likely to develop CKD ( ). |
| Cystitis is an | inflammation of the urinary bladder AKA “bladder infection.” |
| Cystitis is more common in women because | the female urethra is shorter than in males. |
| The chief causative agent of cystitis is | E. coli ( ). |
| Signs and symptoms of cystitis include: | 1. Urinary frequency 2. Urgency 3. Dysuria ( ). 4. Bacteriuria ( ). 5. Pyuria |
| Tx ( ) for cystitis includes: | 1. Forcing fluids. 2. Antibiotics. |
| The Px ( ) for cystitis is | good. |
| Methods to decrease the incidence of cystitis include: 1-4 | 1.Wiping from front to back after a BM 2.Take showers for hygiene instead of baths 3.Do not douche unless directed by a physician. 4.Refrain from wearing tight fitting pants. |
| Methods to decrease the incidence of cystitis include: 5-8 | 5.Wearing cotton underwear 6.Urinate after coitus 7.Increase fluid intake every day and include cranberry juice. 8.Vitamin C supplement taken in the evening. |
| Urethritis is | inflammation of the urethra |
| Urethritis in males may be caused by | GC ( ). |
| Signs and symptoms of urethritis include: | 1. Dysuria ( ). 2. Balanorrhea ( ). 3. Testicular edema ( ). |
| Urethritis in females commonly accompanies | cystitis. |
| Tx ( ) for urethritis includes | antibiotics ( ). |
| PID stands for | |
| PID refers to an | inflammation of the female pelvic reproductive organs. |
| Common causes of PID ( ) | include the STDs ( ) GC ( ) and chlamydia. |
| Signs and symptoms of PID include: | 1. Lower abdominal pain. 2. Pyrexia 3. Dysuria 4. Pungent leukorrhea ( ). 5. Dyspareunia ( ). |
| A complication of untreated PID ( ) is | infertility ( ). |
| Tx ( ) for PID includes | antibiotics, ASA ( ), bed rest, and fluids. |
| Vaginitis is an inflammation of the vagina commonly caused by: | 1. Candida albicans ( ). 2. Trichomonas ( ). |
| Candidiasis is AKA | yeast infection. |
| Candida proliferation ( ) can occur with the over use of | antibiotics or douches. |
| Candida proliferation can destroy the normal vaginal flora ( ) allowing | opportunistic yeast infections to occur. |
| Signs and symptoms of vaginitis include: | 1. Pungent leukorrhea ( ). 2. Vaginal pruritus ( ). 3. Vaginal burning and soreness. |
| A common Tx for candidiasis is | Monistat ( ). |
| A common Tx for trichomoniasis is | Flagyl ( ). |
| The incidence of yeast infections can be reduced by drinking 2 or more glasses of | milk daily. |
| Atrophic vaginitis is caused by | atrophy ( ) of the vaginal septa ( ). |
| Atrophic vaginitis is commonly caused by a decrease in | estrogen associated with menopause. |
| A common complaint of atrophic vaginitis is | dyspareunia ( ). |
| Tx ( ) for atrophic vaginitis includes: | 1. ERT ( ) AKA HRT ( ) 2. Antibiotic creams. 3. Steroid creams. 4. Water soluble lubricants |
| Puerperal sepsis is an infection of the endometrium ( ) occurring after | parturition ( ) or abortion ( ). |
| The most common cause of puerperal sepsis is | poor aseptic technique during parturition ( ) or abortion ( ). |
| The poor aseptic technique allows pathogens such as | staphylococci ( ), streptococci, ( ) or E. coli ( ) to enter the uterine wall. |
| These pathogens will cause | necrosis ( ) of the endometrium ( ). |
| A complication of puerperal sepsis is | septic shock. |
| Signs and symptoms of puerperal sepsis include: | 1. Pyrexia ( ) and chills. 2. Profuse ( ) and/or pungent lochia ( ). |
| Tx ( ) for puerperal sepsis is | antibiotic therapy. |
| Cervical cancer refers to a | malignancy of the Cx ( ). |
| Cervical cancer has a good Px ( ) if | detected before metastasis ( ). |
| The most common test to detect cervical malignancy is the | PAP test ( ) every two years. |
| After age 30 and after 3 consecutive negative PAP tests, | every 3 years. |
| No PAP required after a | hysterectomy ( ). |
| Pap tests should begin within | 3 years of becoming sexually active or by age 21. |
| A cervical lesion detected before metastasis ( ) is called | CIS ( ). |
| Tx for carcinoma in situ includes: | 1. Conization 2. Cryosurgery 3. Cauterization 4.Hysterectomy |
| Risk factors for cervical malignancy include: | 1. Poor hygiene. 2. HPV ( ). 3. Multiple sexual partners. 4. Intercourse at an early age. 5. Smoking. |
| Fibroid tumors are | benign tumors of the myometrium ( ). |
| Fibroid tumors are also called | leiomyomas. |
| Fibroid tumors are more common in | African American and obese women. |
| The risk of developing leiomyomas is | 1 in 5 women under the age of 50. |
| Signs and symptoms of fibroid tumors include: | 1. Pelvic pain. 2. Menorrhagia 3. Metrorrhagia 4. Dyspareunia |
| Tx ( ) options for leiomyomas include: | 1. Myomectomy 2. Myolysis 3. Hysterectomy |
| The most common ovarian neoplasm is an | ovarian cyst. |
| An ovarian cyst is usually a | benign ( ) fluid filled sac. |
| An ovarian cyst will usually resolve with time but a large cyst that interferes with blood flow can be | removed surgically. |
| PCOS ( ) is characterized by | androgen ( ) and insulin imbalance. |
| Signs and symptoms of PCOS include: | 1. WT ( ) gain and HTN ( ). 2. Increased facial and body hair. 3. Alopecia ( ). 4. Irregular menses 5. MDD 6. Infertility |
| An ovarian malignancy is the | fifth leading cause of cancer death in women. |
| Signs and symptoms of an ovarian malignancy include: | 1. Prolonged abdominal bloating and pelvic pain. 2. Chronic fatigue. 3. Anorexia ( ). 4. WT ( ) loss. 5. Prolonged urinary frequency. |
| Risk factors for an ovarian malignancy include: | 1. High fat diet. 2. Nulliparity ( ). 3. Family history of ovarian, breast, or colorectal cancer. 4. Childbearing after age 30. 5. Delayed menopause. |
| Ovarian malignancies occur more frequently | perimenopausal and postmenopausal. |
| Tx for an ovarian malignancy includes: | 1.Oophorectomy and hysterectomy 2. Chemotherapy 3. Radiation therapy. |
| If caught before metastasis, the five year survival rate for an ovarian malignancy is | 93%. |
| If caught after metastasis the five year survival rate for an ovarian malignancy is | 20-30%. |
| A chemical in the blood that can elevate with the presence of an ovarian malignancy is | CA-125. |
| The risk of ovarian neoplasms decreases with the use of | BCPs ( ). |
| The most common breast malignancy is an | adenocarcinoma. |
| Adenocarcinomas occur more often in: | 1. Nulliparity ( ). 2. Women with a family hx ( ) of breast Ca ( ). |
| Adenocarcinomas frequently occur around the time of | menopause. |
| Common signs of a breast malignancy include: | 1. A hard fixed lump in the upper outer quadrant of a breast. 2. Axillary lymphadenopathy 3. Papillary retraction. 4. The skin can pucker and/or dimple. 5. Papillary ( ) discharge. |
| ACS ( ) mammogram recommendations include: | 1. Annually for 40-49 year olds if personal or family history exists. 2. Ages 50-74, every two years. |
| BSE ( ) should be performed | every month starting at age 20. |
| A woman’s lifetime risk of developing a breast malignancy is | 1 in 8 ( ). |
| Confirmation of the suspected tumor can be made with a | stereotactic needle biopsy ( ). |
| Malignant breast tumors can metastasize to the lungs, liver, brain, and bone via the | lymphatic system. |
| Tx for a breast malignancy includes: | 1. Lumpectomy ( ). 2. Mastectomy ( ). 3. Radiation therapy. 4. Chemotherapy ( ). |
| Factors that increase the incidence of a breast malignancy include: | 1.ETOH 2. Smoking. 3. Sedentary lifestyle 4.Consuming sugary sweets 3 or more times per week. 5. ERT 6. BCPs 7. Nulliparity 8. Folate ( ) deficiency. |
| Foods rich in folate ( ) include: | leafy green vegetables, fortified cereals, legumes, citrus, bananas, melons, and blackberries. |
| Breast malignancy risk can be significantly reduced by | moderate exercise, healthy weight, and breastfeeding. |
| Breast malignancies are more common in women over the age of | 45. |
| The younger a person is with a breast malignancy, | the more aggressive the disease. |
| The most common benign tumor of a breast is called a | fibroadenoma. |
| Fibroadenomas are usually solid, round, rubbery, painless and | move freely. |
| A second type of benign tumor of a breast is called | FCC ( ) AKA “lumpy breasts.” |
| FCC usually occur in both breasts and increase in size and tenderness just prior to | menses ( ). |
| A third type of benign breast tumor is a fluid filled | cyst. |
| Breast cysts are round, moveable, and may increase in size and become tender just prior to | menses ( ). |
| TSS is commonly caused by proliferation ( ) of | staph ( ). |
| TSS is associated with | tampon use. |
| Signs of TSS ( ) include: | 1. Hyperthermia ( ). 2. Rash. 3. Peeling skin. 4. GI distress ( ). 5. Hypotension ( ). |
| Tx for TSS ( ) includes: | 1. Fluid replacement. 2. Antibiotic therapy. |
| Women who use tampons are encouraged to | change them frequently and avoid super-absorbent. |
| PMS is a group symptoms that start 1 to 2 weeks | before menstruation ( ) and usually cease ( ) with the onset of menses ( ). |
| Signs and symptoms of PMS include: 1-7 | 1.Lower abdominal bloating and pain. 2.Breast swelling and tenderness. 3.Cephalalgia 4.Weight gain. 5.Acne. 6.Insomnia 7.Mood swings. |
| Signs and symptoms of PMS include: 8-15 | 8.Anxiety. 9.MDD 10.Irritability. 11.Hostility. 12.Crying spells. 13.Food cravings 14.Clumsiness. 15.Fatigue. |
| Tx for PMS includes: | 1. Increase water intake. 2. Regular exercise. 3. Support groups. 4. Stress management techniques. 5. The avoidance of salt, sugar, caffeine, and alcohol. 6. OTC ( ) analgesics. |
| PMDD ( ) is a severe form of | PMS ( ). |
| The signs and symptoms of PMDD are severe enough to | interfere with work, social activities, and relationships. |
| Tx for PMDD includes | sedatives and antidepressants. |
| Endometriosis is a condition caused by | ectopic ( ) endometrium ( ). |
| The ectopic endometrium responds to the cyclic hormonal stimulation and can cause: | 1. Pelvic pain and bloating. 2. Menorrhagia 3. Metrorrhagia 4. Fatigue. 5. Sterility |
| Tx for endometriosis includes: | 1. Laparoscopic ( ) excision of the ectopic endometrium. 2. OCPs ( ) causing amenorrhea |
| An EP occurs when a fertilized ovum implants in tissue other than the | uterus. |
| The most common site for an EP is a | fallopian tube ( ) AKA “tubal pregnancy.” |
| Causes of EPs ( ) include | 1. Salpingitis ( ) associated with STDs ( ) causing fallopian adhesions 2. Endometriosis |
| Signs and symptoms of an EP ( ) usually appear within 2 months and include: | 1. Unilateral ( ) abdominal and/or pelvic pain. 2. Vaginal bleeding. 3. Vertigo ( ). 4. Weakness and syncope ( ). 5. N+V |
| Tx for an EP ( ) includes: | 1. Termination of pregnancy with methotrexate or laparoscopic salpingostomy. |
| A spontaneous abortion is AKA | miscarriage. |
| A spontaneous abortion during the first trimester is often caused by a | fetal genetic abnormality ( ). |
| A spontaneous abortion usually occurs between the | 7th and 12th weeks of gestation (pregnancy). |
| Causes of miscarriage include: | 1. Infection. 2. Drugs, ETOH ( ), smoking, and caffeine. 3. Poor nutrition. 4. Toxins ( ). 5. Radiation. |
| The surgical procedure performed to scrape the endometrium if placental tissue remains after a miscarriage is called a | D+C ( ). |
| Toxemia is AKA | preeclampsia. |
| Preeclampsia only occurs during | pregnancy ( ). |
| The principal signs of preeclampsia include: | 1. PIH 2. Albuminuria ( ). 3. Edema 4.Unusual WT gain. |
| If seizures develop, the condition is called | eclampsia. |
| Prevention techniques include: | 1. Prenatal care. 2. Proper nutrition. |
| Prostatitis is an inflammation of the prostate commonly caused by | E. coli ( ) or GC ( ). |
| Signs and symptoms of prostatitis include: | 1. Urgency 2. Frequency 3. Dysuria ( ). 4. Pyuria ( ). 5. Hematuria ( ). 6. Painful ejaculation. |
| Prostatitis usually responds well to | antibiotic therapy. |
| BPH is a | nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate. |
| Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) is more common after the age of | 50. |
| The enlarged prostate can frequently be palpated ( ) by | DRE ( ). |
| The enlarged prostate squeezes the urethra and the patient will complain of | dysuria ( ) and urinary retention ( ). |
| Untreated urinary retention can cause | hydronephrosis. |
| Tx for BPH ( ) includes: | 1. Avodart or Flomax. 2. Cystoscopy ( and TURP ( ). |
| A prostatic carcinoma may be small and initially | asymptomatic ( ). |
| Signs and symptoms of a prostatic carcinoma include: | 1. Dysuria 2. Hematuria 3. Anorexia ( ) and WT ( ) loss. 4. Nocturia 5. Urinary incontinence ( ) AKA enuresis. |
| The blood test to detect a predisposition ( ) for prostatic carcinoma is | PSA ( ). |
| A PSA should be performed annually for men over the age of | 50 |
| Prostatic carcinoma can metastasize ( ) to the | rectum, lymph, and bone. |
| A good Px ( ) depends on | early detection. |
| Tx for prostatic carcinoma includes: | 1. Chemotherapy 2. Bilateral orchiectomy 3. Radiation therapy. 4. Prostatectomy |
| Cryptorchidism refers to an | undescended testicle |
| Cryptorchidism can eventually cause | sterility |
| Tx for cryptorchidism includes | orchiopexy ( ) or orchiectomy |
| Impotence is the inability to achieve or maintain an erection AKA | ED ( ). |
| Causes of ED include: | 1. Poorly controlled stress. 2. Arteriosclerosis 3. DM 4. Complications of prostatectomy 5. Trauma. 6. Side effects from medications 7. Drug and/or alcohol abuse. |
| Tx for ED ( ) includes: | 1. Viagra, Levitra, and Cialis. 2. Penile implants. |
| STDs are also known as | STIs ( ). |
| Methods to reduce incidence of STIs include: | 1. Abstinence ( ). 2. Monogamy ( ). 3. Barriers ( ). |
| Chlamydia is the most common STD and the number one cause of | PID ( ). |
| Untreated chlamydia can cause | sterility ( ) in women. |
| Chlamydia infections are often | asymptomatic ( ). |
| Signs and symptoms of chlamydia for women may include: | 1. Dysuria ( ). 2. Pungent ( ) vaginal discharge. 3. Dyspareunia ( ). 4. Dysmenorrhea 5. Abdominal pain. 6. Vaginal pruritus |
| Signs and symptoms of chlamydia for men may include: | 1. Dysuria ( ). 2. Balanorrhea ( ). 3. Testicular edema ( ). |
| Chlamydia can be cured with | antibiotics. |
| Gonorrhea is caused by | GC ( ) and is the second most common STD |
| Untreated gonorrhea can cause | sterility ( ) in men and women. |
| Gonorrhea transmitted to a fetus during delivery can cause | blindness and possibly death. |
| Signs and symptoms of gonorrhea usually appear | 2-10 days after exposure. |
| Gonorrhea infections can be | asymptomatic |
| Signs and symptoms of gonorrhea for women may include: | 1. Greenish-yellow vaginal discharge. 2. Lower abdominal and pelvic pain. 3. Pharyngitis ( ). 4. Dysuria |
| Signs and symptoms of gonorrhea for men may include: | 1. Greenish-yellow balanorrhea ( ). 2. Dysuria ( ). 3. Pharyngitis ( ) 4. Testicular edema |
| Gonorrhea can be cured with | antibiotics |
| The primary stage of syphilis is characterized by one or more painless ulcers that appear on the penis, labia, lips, tongue, or anus called | chancres. |
| A chancre will develop within a | 10 to 90 days after sexual contact |
| A chancre will heal and disappear in | 3-6 weeks. |
| This primary stage is treatable with | PCN ( ). |
| If primary syphilis is left untreated the secondary stage begins within | 6 weeks to 6 months after exposure and usually lasts 1 to 3 months. |
| The secondary stage is characterized by | a non-pruritic rash ( ) typically on the palms and soles. |
| The secondary stage is treatable with | PCN ( ). |
| The tertiary ( ) stage can occur | years after the primary infection. |
| The tertiary stage occurs in approximately | 30% of people infected with syphilis. |
| Complications of the tertiary stage include | heart disease, blindness, mental illness, and death. |
| Blood tests for syphilis include: | 1. VDRL. 2. RPR. 3. EIA. |
| Genital herpes is an extremely painful chronic viral disease caused by the | HSV II ( ). |
| In the US, the HSV II affects | 1 in 4 women and 1 in 5 men. |
| Symptoms of HSVII generally occur within | 3 weeks of exposure. |
| Signs and symptoms of HSV II include: | 1. Multiple painful ( ), pruritic ( ), vesicles ( ) that appear on the genitalia, buttocks, and thighs. 2. Dysuria 3. Vaginal discharge. |
| The active lesions appear when the | immune system is compromised. |
| This disease is more easily transmitted when the lesions are | active. |
| Outbreaks of genital herpes can be treated with | antiviral drugs ( ). There is no cure. |
| There are approximately 30 different types of the | HPV ( ). |
| 75-80% of all males and females will be | infected with the HPV during their lifetime. |
| For most, the immune system will | defeat the HPV |
| 90% of HPV lesions ( ) are caused by | 2 types of the HPV. |
| HPV lesions ( ) may appear within | weeks or several months of the sexual exposure. |
| HPV lesions ( ) commonly appear on the | penis and scrotum in men and on the perineum in women. |
| The primary symptoms of the HPV are | pruritus ( ) and pain |
| About 75% of all cervical malignancies are caused by | 2 other types of the HPV |
| Uncircumcised men are | three times more likely to be infected with the HPV ( ). |
| A vaccine is available for these four types of the HPV called | Gardasil ( ). |
| Approved for males and females ages | 9-26. |
| Best results occur if vaccine is administered before | exposure ( ). |
| Tx for the HPV ( ) includes: | 1. Antiviral medications. 2. Electrocautery ( ). 3. Cryosurgery ( ). |
| HPV is also associated with | cardiovascular disease. |
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