Inflammation
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| What is the purpose of inflammation | to localize, dilute, and/or destroy the causative agent and the injured tisue as well as repair damaged tissue
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| what organ produces acute phase proteins | liver
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| what are the classic signs of acute inflammation | calor, rubor, tumor, dalor and functiolaesa
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| where does inflammatory vasodilation begin | arteriolar beds 1st
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| three mechanisms of vascular leakage | 1) endothelial contraction 2)direct endothelial injury 3) leukoce dependent endothelial damage
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| Steps involved in the emigration of cells during inflammation | Normal, Vasoconstriction, Vasodilation, Margination, Adhesion, Migration, and Emigration
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| What do Selectins do? | slow the movement of leukocytes along endothelium by brief Reversible adhesive interactions or "tethering"
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| What does it mean to marginate | to move to a position close to the endothelium
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| what is the most important selectin involved in rolling | P-selectin
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| What products are responsible for slow rolling | E-selectin adn CD18
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| What selectin is necessary for normal capture and initiation of rolling | L-selectin
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| Where is L-selectin found | on lymphocytes and neutrophils
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| Where is P-selectin found | Platelets and Endothelium
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| Where are E-selectins found | on activated endotheilum, neutrophils, monocytes, and activated T-cells
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| What molecules mediate adhesion | integrins
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| What determines what cell types are present at the site of injury | The sequence or timing of selectin/integrin/immunoglobulin expression
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| What is diapedesis | Passage through a blood vessel
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| What cell type predominates in the first 24 hours of inflammation | Neutrophils
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| what cell replaces neutrophils at 24-48 hours of inflammation | Monocytes
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| What is chemotaxis | Locomotion of cells along a chemical gradient
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| What are Toll-like receptors | part of the inate immune response that activate leukocyts in response to different microbial products
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| what are chemotactic cytokines that regulate attraction of leukocytes to tissues | Chemokines
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| What are the three steps of phagocytosis | 1) recognition and attachment 2) Engulfment 3) killing
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| what is opsinization | the process by which bacteria or foreign material is coated by plasma proteins (IgG or C3b usually)
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| why opsinize? | it reduces electrostatic replusion and facilitates the recognition and attachment by phagocytic cells
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| what are the two main categories of phagocytic killing or degradation | Oxygen dependent and independent
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| What are the majorcells involved in chronic inflammation | monocytes/macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells
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| When neutrophils fail to remove an offeding agent (indigestible particles or organisms) or when an agent is sequestered in macrophages what develops | Granulomas
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| What are some classic examples of granulomatous inflammation | Tuberculosis, Sarcoid, and fungal infections
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| Fever is mediated mainly by what endogenous pyrogens | IL-1 and TNF-alpha which lead to IL-6 production
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| Overproduction of what cytokine can produce shock and cachexia | TNF-alpha
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| What cytokines accelerate PMN release from the bone marrow | IL-1 and TNF-alpha
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| What cytokine induces Eosinophilia | IL-5
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| Acute phase reaction is mediated mainly by IL-? | 6
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| A blister is an example of ? inflammation | serous
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| inflammation of mucous membranes is also known as ? | catarrhal inflammation
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| exudate of mucous, fibrin, inflammatory cells and necrotic debris is an example of ? type of inflammation | pseudomembranous inflammation
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| What are two examples of vasoactive amines released from mast cells, basophils and platelets | Histamine and Serotonin
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| Two common metabolites of arachidonic acid are? | prostaglandin and leukotrienes (also known as eicosanoids)
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| What does NO released from endothelium and macrophages do? | vasodilate, Bacteriocidal, regulator of leukocyte recruitment
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| What complement system involves spontaneous hydrolyzation of C3 to a modified convertase which in a series of steps involving properdin forms a C5 convertase | alternative pathway
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| where do the two complement pathways converge | C5a and C5b
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| what is the third "pathway" in the complement system | Mannose binding lectin pathway
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| what forms the Membrane attack complex | C5b-9
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