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Path 2
Inflammation
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the purpose of inflammation | to localize, dilute, and/or destroy the causative agent and the injured tisue as well as repair damaged tissue |
| what organ produces acute phase proteins | liver |
| what are the classic signs of acute inflammation | calor, rubor, tumor, dalor and functiolaesa |
| where does inflammatory vasodilation begin | arteriolar beds 1st |
| three mechanisms of vascular leakage | 1) endothelial contraction 2)direct endothelial injury 3) leukoce dependent endothelial damage |
| Steps involved in the emigration of cells during inflammation | Normal, Vasoconstriction, Vasodilation, Margination, Adhesion, Migration, and Emigration |
| What do Selectins do? | slow the movement of leukocytes along endothelium by brief Reversible adhesive interactions or "tethering" |
| What does it mean to marginate | to move to a position close to the endothelium |
| what is the most important selectin involved in rolling | P-selectin |
| What products are responsible for slow rolling | E-selectin adn CD18 |
| What selectin is necessary for normal capture and initiation of rolling | L-selectin |
| Where is L-selectin found | on lymphocytes and neutrophils |
| Where is P-selectin found | Platelets and Endothelium |
| Where are E-selectins found | on activated endotheilum, neutrophils, monocytes, and activated T-cells |
| What molecules mediate adhesion | integrins |
| What determines what cell types are present at the site of injury | The sequence or timing of selectin/integrin/immunoglobulin expression |
| What is diapedesis | Passage through a blood vessel |
| What cell type predominates in the first 24 hours of inflammation | Neutrophils |
| what cell replaces neutrophils at 24-48 hours of inflammation | Monocytes |
| What is chemotaxis | Locomotion of cells along a chemical gradient |
| What are Toll-like receptors | part of the inate immune response that activate leukocyts in response to different microbial products |
| what are chemotactic cytokines that regulate attraction of leukocytes to tissues | Chemokines |
| What are the three steps of phagocytosis | 1) recognition and attachment 2) Engulfment 3) killing |
| what is opsinization | the process by which bacteria or foreign material is coated by plasma proteins (IgG or C3b usually) |
| why opsinize? | it reduces electrostatic replusion and facilitates the recognition and attachment by phagocytic cells |
| what are the two main categories of phagocytic killing or degradation | Oxygen dependent and independent |
| What are the majorcells involved in chronic inflammation | monocytes/macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells |
| When neutrophils fail to remove an offeding agent (indigestible particles or organisms) or when an agent is sequestered in macrophages what develops | Granulomas |
| What are some classic examples of granulomatous inflammation | Tuberculosis, Sarcoid, and fungal infections |
| Fever is mediated mainly by what endogenous pyrogens | IL-1 and TNF-alpha which lead to IL-6 production |
| Overproduction of what cytokine can produce shock and cachexia | TNF-alpha |
| What cytokines accelerate PMN release from the bone marrow | IL-1 and TNF-alpha |
| What cytokine induces Eosinophilia | IL-5 |
| Acute phase reaction is mediated mainly by IL-? | 6 |
| A blister is an example of ? inflammation | serous |
| inflammation of mucous membranes is also known as ? | catarrhal inflammation |
| exudate of mucous, fibrin, inflammatory cells and necrotic debris is an example of ? type of inflammation | pseudomembranous inflammation |
| What are two examples of vasoactive amines released from mast cells, basophils and platelets | Histamine and Serotonin |
| Two common metabolites of arachidonic acid are? | prostaglandin and leukotrienes (also known as eicosanoids) |
| What does NO released from endothelium and macrophages do? | vasodilate, Bacteriocidal, regulator of leukocyte recruitment |
| What complement system involves spontaneous hydrolyzation of C3 to a modified convertase which in a series of steps involving properdin forms a C5 convertase | alternative pathway |
| where do the two complement pathways converge | C5a and C5b |
| what is the third "pathway" in the complement system | Mannose binding lectin pathway |
| what forms the Membrane attack complex | C5b-9 |
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UVAPATH1
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